Add bitwise or

Reviewed-on: ground/cground#19

.gitignore

@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ build
 ground
 groundc
 .idea
+Makefile

README.md

@@ -121,3 +121,10 @@ Supported instructions so far:
 * print
 * println
 * end
+
+## Closures
+
+So I decided to add closures to Ground. Here's how they work:
+
+* When you define a function, it makes a copy of the scope it's currently in. Variables are statically captured
+* Use those variables in functions. Closure achieved!

include/groundvm.h

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBGROUND_H
 #define LIBGROUND_H
+#define MAX_ID_LEN 64
 
 /*
  * groundvm.h 
@@ -13,8 +14,9 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <uthash.h>
 
+
 typedef enum GroundInstType {
-    IF, JUMP, END, INPUT, PRINT, PRINTLN, SET, GETTYPE, EXISTS, SETLIST, SETLISTAT, GETLISTAT, GETLISTSIZE, LISTAPPEND, GETSTRSIZE, GETSTRCHARAT, ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, EQUAL, INEQUAL, NOT, GREATER, LESSER, STOI, STOD, TOSTRING, FUN, RETURN, ENDFUN, PUSHARG, CALL, STRUCT, ENDSTRUCT, INIT, GETFIELD, SETFIELD, USE, EXTERN, CREATELABEL, PAUSE, DROP, ERRORCMD
+    IF, JUMP, END, INPUT, PRINT, PRINTLN, SET, GETTYPE, EXISTS, SETLIST, SETLISTAT, GETLISTAT, GETLISTSIZE, LISTAPPEND, GETSTRSIZE, GETSTRCHARAT, ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, EQUAL, INEQUAL, NOT, GREATER, LESSER, STOI, STOD, ITOC, CTOI, TOSTRING, FUN, RETURN, ENDFUN, PUSHARG, CALL, STRUCT, ENDSTRUCT, INIT, GETFIELD, SETFIELD, USE, EXTERN, CREATELABEL, PAUSE, DROP, ERRORCMD
 } GroundInstType;
 
 typedef enum GroundValueType {
@@ -164,6 +166,24 @@ typedef struct GroundObject {
     GroundObjectField* fields;
 } GroundObject;
 
+typedef struct GroundLabel {
+    char id[MAX_ID_LEN];
+    int lineNum;
+    UT_hash_handle hh;
+} GroundLabel;
+
+typedef struct GroundVariable {
+    char id[MAX_ID_LEN];
+    GroundValue value;
+    UT_hash_handle hh;
+} GroundVariable;
+
+typedef struct GroundScope {
+    GroundLabel** labels;
+    GroundVariable** variables;
+    bool isMainScope;
+} GroundScope;
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -179,6 +199,8 @@ void groundAddValueToInstruction(GroundInstruction* inst, GroundValue value);
 void groundAddReferenceToInstruction(GroundInstruction* inst, GroundArg value);
 GroundArg groundCreateReference(GroundArgType type, char* ref);
 
+void groundAddValueToScope(GroundScope* gs, const char* name, GroundValue value);
+
 GroundValue groundCreateValue(GroundValueType type, ...);
 
 GroundProgram groundParseFile(const char* code);
@@ -186,6 +208,16 @@ GroundProgram groundParseFile(const char* code);
 GroundStruct groundCreateStruct();
 void groundAddFieldToStruct(GroundStruct* gstruct, char* name, GroundValue field);
 
+GroundObjectField* groundFindField(GroundObject head, const char *id);
+
+// Run function returned by Ground code
+// Use argc to set count of args, accepts that amount of GroundValue's after
+GroundValue groundRunFunction(GroundFunction* function, size_t argc, ...);
+
+
+bool serializeProgramToFile(const char* path, const GroundProgram* prog);
+bool deserializeProgramFromFile(const char* path, GroundProgram* out);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

libs/datetime/date_functions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+#include "date_functions.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+GroundValue tmToGroundValue(struct tm t) {
+    GroundStruct timeStruct = groundCreateStruct();
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "year", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_year + 1900));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "month", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_mon + 1));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "day", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_mday));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "hour", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_hour));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "minute", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_min));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "second", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_sec));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "weekDay", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_wday));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "yearDay", groundCreateValue(INT, t.tm_yday + 1));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&timeStruct, "isDaylightSavingsTime", groundCreateValue(BOOL, t.tm_isdst));
+    
+    GroundValue value = groundCreateValue(CUSTOM, &timeStruct);
+    value.type = CUSTOM;
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_Now(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    time_t now = time(NULL);
+    struct tm t = {0};
+
+    localtime_r(&now, &t);
+
+    // return a -datetime struct
+    return tmToGroundValue(t);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_FromEpochLocal(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    struct tm t = {0};
+    time_t ts = args.values[0].data.doubleVal;
+
+    localtime_r(&ts, &t);
+
+    return tmToGroundValue(t);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_FromEpochUTC(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    struct tm t = {0};
+    time_t ts = args.values[0].data.doubleVal;
+
+    gmtime_r(&ts, &t);
+
+    return tmToGroundValue(t);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_ToEpochLocal(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    GroundObject obj = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
+
+    // check args
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+    time_t ts = mktime(&t);
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (long long)ts);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_ToEpochUTC(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    GroundObject obj = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
+
+    // check args
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+    time_t ts = timegm(&t);
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (long long)ts);
+}
+
+GroundValue formatDatetimeObj(GroundObject obj, char* formatString) {
+    // check args
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+    mktime(&t); // normalise time
+
+    // create a buffer for the string
+    char* buffer = (char*)malloc(128);
+    strftime(buffer, 128, formatString, &t);
+
+    // return ground version of string
+    return groundCreateValue(STRING, buffer);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_Format(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return formatDatetimeObj(
+        *args.values[0].data.customVal,
+        args.values[1].data.stringVal
+    );
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_FromFormatted(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    char* timeString = args.values[0].data.stringVal;
+    char* formatString = args.values[1].data.stringVal;
+
+    struct tm t = {0};
+    t.tm_isdst = -1;
+    char* result = strptime(timeString, formatString, &t);
+
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        ERROR("Time string does not match format!", "ValueError");
+    }
+
+    mktime(&t);
+
+    return tmToGroundValue(t);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_ToISO8601UTC(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    GroundObject obj = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
+
+    // check args
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+    time_t ts = mktime(&t);
+    gmtime_r(&ts, &t);
+
+    char* buffer = (char*)malloc(128);
+    strftime(buffer, 128, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", &t);
+
+    return groundCreateValue(STRING, buffer);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_ToISO8601Local(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    GroundObject obj = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
+
+    // check args
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+    time_t ts = mktime(&t);
+    localtime_r(&ts, &t);
+
+    char* buffer = (char*)malloc(128);
+    strftime(buffer, 128, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z", &t);
+
+    return groundCreateValue(STRING, buffer);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_Diff(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    GroundObject obj1 = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
+    GroundObject obj2 = *args.values[1].data.customVal;
+
+    // check first timedate object
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj1, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj1, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj1, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj1, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj1, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj1, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj1, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj1, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object 1 does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj1, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object 1 does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t1 = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+    
+    
+    // check second timedate object
+    year = groundFindField(obj2, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    month = groundFindField(obj2, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    day = groundFindField(obj2, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    hour = groundFindField(obj2, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    minute = groundFindField(obj2, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    second = groundFindField(obj2, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    weekDay = groundFindField(obj2, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    yearDay = groundFindField(obj2, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj2, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t2 = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+
+    time_t ts1 = mktime(&t1);
+    time_t ts2 = mktime(&t2);
+
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, ts2 - ts1);
+}
+
+GroundValue datetime_Add(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+     GroundObject obj = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
+
+     long long secs = args.values[1].data.intVal;
+     long long mins = args.values[2].data.intVal;
+     long long hours = args.values[3].data.intVal;
+     long long days = args.values[4].data.intVal;
+
+    // check args
+    GroundObjectField* year = groundFindField(obj, "year");
+    if (year == NULL || year->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have year field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* month = groundFindField(obj, "month");
+    if (month == NULL || month->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have month field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* day = groundFindField(obj, "day");
+    if (day == NULL || day->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have day field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* hour = groundFindField(obj, "hour");
+    if (hour == NULL || hour->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have hour field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* minute = groundFindField(obj, "minute");
+    if (minute == NULL || minute->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have minute field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* second = groundFindField(obj, "second");
+    if (second == NULL || second->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have second field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* weekDay = groundFindField(obj, "weekDay");
+    if (weekDay == NULL || weekDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have weekDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* yearDay = groundFindField(obj, "yearDay");
+    if (yearDay == NULL || yearDay->value.type != INT) ERROR("Object does not have yearDay field as int", "ValueError");
+    GroundObjectField* isDaylightSavingsTime = groundFindField(obj, "isDaylightSavingsTime");
+    if (isDaylightSavingsTime == NULL || isDaylightSavingsTime->value.type != BOOL) ERROR("Object does not have isDaylightSavingsTime field as bool", "ValueError");
+
+    // construct tm struct from our ground struct
+    struct tm t = {
+        .tm_sec = second->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_min = minute->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_hour = hour->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mday = day->value.data.intVal,
+        .tm_mon = month->value.data.intVal - 1,
+        .tm_year = year->value.data.intVal - 1900,
+        .tm_wday = 0,
+        .tm_yday = 0,
+        .tm_isdst = -1
+    };
+
+    time_t base = mktime(&t);
+
+    long long totalSeconds = 
+        secs +
+        mins * 60 +
+        hours * 3600 +
+        days * 86400;
+
+    base += totalSeconds;
+
+    struct tm newT;
+    localtime_r(&base, &newT);
+
+    return tmToGroundValue(newT);
+
+}

libs/datetime/date_functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#pragma once
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE // to make gcc happy lol
+
+#include <groundext.h>
+#include <groundvm.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+GroundValue datetime_Now(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_Format(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_FromFormatted(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_ToISO8601UTC(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_ToISO8601Local(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_FromEpochLocal(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_FromEpochUTC(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_ToEpochLocal(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_ToEpochUTC(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_Diff(GroundScope* scope, List args);
+GroundValue datetime_Add(GroundScope* scope, List args);

libs/datetime/datetime.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "time_functions.h"
+#include "date_functions.h"
+
+
+void ground_init(GroundScope* scope) {
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_NowEpoch", datetime_NowEpoch, DOUBLE, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_Now", datetime_Now, CUSTOM, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_Format", datetime_Format, STRING, 2, CUSTOM, "datetime", STRING, "format");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_FromFormatted", datetime_FromFormatted, CUSTOM, 2, STRING, "datetimeString", STRING, "format");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_ToISO8601UTC", datetime_ToISO8601UTC, STRING, 1, CUSTOM, "datetime");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_ToISO8601Local", datetime_ToISO8601Local, STRING, 1, CUSTOM, "datetime");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_FromEpochUTC", datetime_FromEpochUTC, CUSTOM, 1, DOUBLE, "epoch");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_FromEpochLocal", datetime_FromEpochLocal, CUSTOM, 1, DOUBLE, "epoch");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_ToEpochUTC", datetime_ToEpochUTC, INT, 1, CUSTOM, "datetime");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_ToEpochLocal", datetime_ToEpochLocal, INT, 1, CUSTOM, "datetime");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_Diff", datetime_Diff, INT, 2, CUSTOM, "datetime1", CUSTOM, "datetime2");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "datetime_Add", datetime_Add, CUSTOM, 5, CUSTOM, "datetime", INT, "seconds", INT, "minutes", INT, "hours", INT, "days");
+}

libs/datetime/time_functions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include "time_functions.h"
+
+GroundValue datetime_NowEpoch(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    // grab time from system clock
+    struct timespec ts;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts);
+
+    // convert it to secs and return it
+    double secsSinceEpoch = (double)ts.tv_sec + (double)ts.tv_nsec / 1e9;
+
+    return groundCreateValue(DOUBLE, secsSinceEpoch);
+}

libs/datetime/time_functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <groundext.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+GroundValue datetime_NowEpoch(GroundScope* scope, List args);

libs/request/request.c

@@ -1,35 +1,23 @@
 #include <groundext.h>
-#include <curl/curl.h>
 #include <groundvm.h>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
-bool curl_init = false;
+CURL* curlHandle = NULL;
+
+GroundStruct template;
+
+const char* VALID_REQUEST_TYPES[] = {
+    "GET",
+    "POST"
+};
 
 typedef struct {
     char* data;
     size_t size;
 } ResponseBuffer;
 
-typedef struct {
-    CURL* handle;
-    bool connected;
-    char* url;
-} WebSocketConnection;
-
-// Global storage for WebSocket connections (simple implementation)
-#define MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS 10
-WebSocketConnection ws_connections[MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS] = {0};
-
-void curl_setup() {
-    if (!curl_init) {
-        curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_ALL);
-        curl_init = true;
-    }
-}
-
-// Proper write callback that accumulates data
 size_t write_callback(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* userdata) {
     size_t total_size = size * nmemb;
     ResponseBuffer* buffer = (ResponseBuffer*)userdata;
@@ -48,295 +36,117 @@ size_t write_callback(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* userdata) {
     return total_size;
 }
 
-// GET request
-GroundValue get_request(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    curl_setup();
-    CURL* handle = curl_easy_init();
-    
-    if (!handle) {
-        ERROR("CURL failed to init", "GenericRequestError");
-    }
-    
-    ResponseBuffer buffer = {0};
-    buffer.data = malloc(1);
-    buffer.data[0] = '\0';
-    buffer.size = 0;
-    
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_URL, args.values[0].data.stringVal);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_HTTPGET, 1L);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_callback);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &buffer);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L);
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_easy_perform(handle);
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "Curl request failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionRequestError");
-    }
-    
-    curl_easy_cleanup(handle);
-    
-    GroundValue ret = groundCreateValue(STRING, buffer.data);
-    return ret;
-}
+GroundValue ground_request(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
 
-// POST request
-GroundValue post_request(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    curl_setup();
-    CURL* handle = curl_easy_init();
-    
-    if (!handle) {
-        ERROR("CURL failed to init", "GenericRequestError");
-    }
-    
-    ResponseBuffer buffer = {0};
-    buffer.data = malloc(1);
-    buffer.data[0] = '\0';
-    buffer.size = 0;
-    
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_URL, args.values[0].data.stringVal);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_POST, 1L);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, args.values[1].data.stringVal);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_callback);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &buffer);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L);
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_easy_perform(handle);
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        free(buffer.data);
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "Curl request failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        curl_easy_cleanup(handle);
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionRequestError");
-    }
-    
-    curl_easy_cleanup(handle);
-    
-    GroundValue ret = groundCreateValue(STRING, buffer.data);
-    return ret;
-}
+    GroundObject obj = *args.values[0].data.customVal;
 
-// ============== WebSocket Functions ==============
+    // check arg types
+    GroundObjectField* address = groundFindField(obj, "address");
+    if (address == NULL || address->value.type != STRING) {
+        ERROR("Object does not have address field as string", "ValueError");
+    }
+    GroundObjectField* type = groundFindField(obj, "type");
+    if (type == NULL || type->value.type != STRING) {
+        ERROR("Object does not have type field as string", "ValueError");
+    }
+    GroundObjectField* userAgent = groundFindField(obj, "userAgent");
+    if (userAgent == NULL || userAgent->value.type != STRING) {
+        ERROR("Object does not have userAgent field as string", "ValueError");
+    }
+    GroundObjectField* httpHeaders = groundFindField(obj, "httpHeaders");
+    if (httpHeaders == NULL || httpHeaders->value.type != LIST) {
+        ERROR("Object does not have httpHeaders field as list<string>", "ValueError");
+    }
+    GroundObjectField* verbose = groundFindField(obj, "verbose");
+    if (verbose == NULL || verbose->value.type != BOOL) {
+        ERROR("Object does not have verbose field as bool", "ValueError");
+    }
 
-// Find an empty slot for a new WebSocket connection
-int find_ws_slot() {
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS; i++) {
-        if (!ws_connections[i].connected) {
-            return i;
+    // check request type string
+    bool requestTypeOk = false;
+    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(VALID_REQUEST_TYPES)/sizeof(VALID_REQUEST_TYPES[0]); i++) {
+        if (strcmp(type->value.data.stringVal, VALID_REQUEST_TYPES[i]) == 0) {
+            requestTypeOk = true;
+            break;
         }
     }
-    return -1;
-}
+    if (!requestTypeOk) 
+        ERROR("Invalid request type! Choices: GET, POST", "ValueError");
+    
 
-// WebSocket Connect - returns connection ID as INT
-GroundValue ws_connect(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    curl_setup();
-    
-    int slot = find_ws_slot();
-    if (slot == -1) {
-        ERROR("Maximum WebSocket connections reached", "OverflowError");
-    }
-    
-    CURL* handle = curl_easy_init();
-    if (!handle) {
-        ERROR("CURL failed to init", "GenericWSError");
-    }
-    
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_URL, args.values[0].data.stringVal);
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_CONNECT_ONLY, 2L); // WebSocket mode
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10L);
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_easy_perform(handle);
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "Curl WebSocket failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        curl_easy_cleanup(handle);
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionWSError");
-    }
-    
-    ws_connections[slot].handle = handle;
-    ws_connections[slot].connected = true;
-    ws_connections[slot].url = strdup(args.values[0].data.stringVal);
-    
-    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t)slot);
-}
+    ResponseBuffer buffer = {0};
 
-// WebSocket Send - sends a text message, returns bytes sent as INT
-GroundValue ws_send(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    int conn_id = (int)args.values[0].data.intVal;
-    if (conn_id < 0 || conn_id >= MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS || !ws_connections[conn_id].connected) {
-        ERROR("Invalid WebSocket connection ID", "GenericWSError");
-    }
-    
-    CURL* handle = ws_connections[conn_id].handle;
-    const char* message = args.values[1].data.stringVal;
-    size_t sent;
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_ws_send(handle, message, strlen(message), &sent, 0, CURLWS_TEXT);
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "WebSocket send failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionWSError");
-    }
-    
-    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t)sent);
-}
+    // set curl params
+    curl_easy_setopt(curlHandle, CURLOPT_URL, address->value.data.stringVal);
+    curl_easy_setopt(curlHandle, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_callback);
+    curl_easy_setopt(curlHandle, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, (void*)&buffer);
+    curl_easy_setopt(curlHandle, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, userAgent->value.data.stringVal);
+    curl_easy_setopt(curlHandle, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, verbose->value.data.boolVal);
 
-// WebSocket Receive - receives a message (blocking)
-GroundValue ws_receive(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    int conn_id = (int)args.values[0].data.intVal;
-    if (conn_id < 0 || conn_id >= MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS || !ws_connections[conn_id].connected) {
-        ERROR("Invalid WebSocket connection ID", "GenericWSError");
+    // append headers to http request
+    struct curl_slist* httpHeaderList = NULL;
+    GroundValue* httpHeaderStrings = httpHeaders->value.data.listVal.values;
+    for (int i = 0; i < httpHeaders->value.data.listVal.size; i++) {
+        httpHeaderList = curl_slist_append(httpHeaderList, httpHeaderStrings[i].data.stringVal);
     }
-    
-    CURL* handle = ws_connections[conn_id].handle;
-    char buffer[4096];
-    size_t received;
-    const struct curl_ws_frame* meta;
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_ws_recv(handle, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, &received, &meta);
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        if (result == CURLE_AGAIN) {
-            // No data available right now
-            return groundCreateValue(STRING, "");
-        }
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "WebSocket receive failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionWSError");
-    }
-    
-    buffer[received] = '\0';
-    
-    // Handle different frame types
-    if (meta->flags & CURLWS_CLOSE) {
-        printf("WebSocket close frame received\n");
-        ws_connections[conn_id].connected = false;
-        return groundCreateValue(STRING, "[CLOSED]");
-    }
-    
-    if (meta->flags & CURLWS_PING) {
-        // Automatically respond to ping with pong
-        curl_ws_send(handle, "", 0, &received, 0, CURLWS_PONG);
-        return groundCreateValue(STRING, "[PING]");
-    }
-    
-    char* data = malloc(received + 1);
-    memcpy(data, buffer, received);
-    data[received] = '\0';
-    
-    return groundCreateValue(STRING, data);
-}
+    curl_easy_setopt(curlHandle, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, httpHeaderList);
 
-// WebSocket Receive with timeout (non-blocking version)
-GroundValue ws_receive_timeout(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    int conn_id = (int)args.values[0].data.intVal;
-    long timeout_ms = (long)args.values[1].data.intVal;
-    
-    if (conn_id < 0 || conn_id >= MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS || !ws_connections[conn_id].connected) {
-        ERROR("Invalid WebSocket connection ID", "GenericWSError");
-    }
-    
-    CURL* handle = ws_connections[conn_id].handle;
-    
-    // Set socket to non-blocking mode
-    curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS, timeout_ms);
-    
-    char buffer[4096];
-    size_t received;
-    const struct curl_ws_frame* meta;
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_ws_recv(handle, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, &received, &meta);
-    
-    if (result == CURLE_AGAIN || result == CURLE_OPERATION_TIMEDOUT) {
-        return groundCreateValue(STRING, "");
-    }
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "WebSocket receive failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionWSError");
-    }
-    
-    buffer[received] = '\0';
-    
-    if (meta->flags & CURLWS_CLOSE) {
-        ws_connections[conn_id].connected = false;
-        return groundCreateValue(STRING, "[CLOSED]");
-    }
-    
-    if (meta->flags & CURLWS_PING) {
-        curl_ws_send(handle, "", 0, &received, 0, CURLWS_PONG);
-        return groundCreateValue(STRING, "[PING]");
-    }
-    
-    char* data = malloc(received + 1);
-    memcpy(data, buffer, received);
-    data[received] = '\0';
-    
-    return groundCreateValue(STRING, data);
-}
 
-// WebSocket Close - properly close a connection, returns BOOL success
-GroundValue ws_close(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    int conn_id = (int)args.values[0].data.intVal;
-    if (conn_id < 0 || conn_id >= MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS || !ws_connections[conn_id].connected) {
-        ERROR("Invalid or already connected websocket", "GenericWSError");
-    }
-    
-    CURL* handle = ws_connections[conn_id].handle;
-    size_t sent;
-    
-    // Send close frame
-    curl_ws_send(handle, "", 0, &sent, 0, CURLWS_CLOSE);
-    
-    // Cleanup
-    curl_easy_cleanup(handle);
-    free(ws_connections[conn_id].url);
-    ws_connections[conn_id].handle = NULL;
-    ws_connections[conn_id].connected = false;
-    ws_connections[conn_id].url = NULL;
-    
-    return groundCreateValue(BOOL, true);
-}
+    CURLcode curlStatus = curl_easy_perform(curlHandle);
+    curl_slist_free_all(httpHeaderList); // dont want em' memory leaks :P - spooopy
 
-// WebSocket Send Binary data, returns bytes sent as INT
-GroundValue ws_send_binary(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
-    int conn_id = (int)args.values[0].data.intVal;
-    if (conn_id < 0 || conn_id >= MAX_WS_CONNECTIONS || !ws_connections[conn_id].connected) {
-        ERROR("Invalid WebSocket connection ID", "GenericWSError");
+    // check for any curl errors
+    if (curlStatus != CURLE_OK) {
+        char curlErrorMsg[255] = {0};
+
+        snprintf(curlErrorMsg, 255, "%s\n", curl_easy_strerror(curlStatus));
+        ERROR(curlErrorMsg, "CurlError");
     }
-    
-    CURL* handle = ws_connections[conn_id].handle;
-    const char* data = args.values[1].data.stringVal;
-    size_t sent;
-    
-    CURLcode result = curl_ws_send(handle, data, strlen(data), &sent, 0, CURLWS_BINARY);
-    
-    if (result != CURLE_OK) {
-        char buf[256];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "WebSocket binary send failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(result));
-        ERROR(buf, "ActionWSError");
-    }
-    
-    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t)sent);
+
+    // get the http response code
+    long httpCode = 0;
+    curl_easy_getinfo(curlHandle, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &httpCode);
+
+    // create return value and return it
+    GroundValue value = groundCreateValue(CUSTOM, &template);
+
+    GroundObjectField* status = groundFindField(*value.data.customVal, "statusCode");
+    status->value.data.intVal = httpCode;
+
+    GroundObjectField* data = groundFindField(*value.data.customVal, "data");
+    data->value.data.stringVal = buffer.data;
+
+    value.type = CUSTOM;
+
+    return value;
 }
 
 void ground_init(GroundScope* scope) {
-    // HTTP Functions
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "request_Get", get_request, STRING, 1, STRING, "url");
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "request_Post", post_request, STRING, 2, STRING, "url", STRING, "data");
-    
-    // WebSocket Functions
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "ws_Connect", ws_connect, INT, 1, STRING, "url");
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "ws_Send", ws_send, INT, 2, INT, "conn_id", STRING, "message");
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "ws_Receive", ws_receive, STRING, 1, INT, "conn_id");
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "ws_ReceiveTimeout", ws_receive_timeout, STRING, 2, INT, "conn_id", INT, "timeout_ms");
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "ws_Close", ws_close, BOOL, 1, INT, "conn_id");
-    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "ws_SendBinary", ws_send_binary, INT, 2, INT, "conn_id", STRING, "data");
-}
+    // init libcurl
+    curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_ALL);
+    curlHandle = curl_easy_init();
+
+    groundAddValueToScope(scope, "requestInitSuccess", groundCreateValue(BOOL, curlHandle != NULL));
+    if (curlHandle == NULL) {
+        return;
+    } 
+
+    // create struct
+    template = groundCreateStruct();
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&template, "statusCode", groundCreateValue(INT, 200));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&template, "data", groundCreateValue(STRING, ""));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&template, "ok", groundCreateValue(BOOL, 1));
+
+    // create struct that users can pass to this library
+    GroundStruct requestStruct = groundCreateStruct();
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&requestStruct, "address", groundCreateValue(STRING, ""));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&requestStruct, "type", groundCreateValue(STRING, "GET"));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&requestStruct, "userAgent", groundCreateValue(STRING, "Ground/1.0"));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&requestStruct, "httpHeaders", groundCreateValue(LIST, 0));
+    groundAddFieldToStruct(&requestStruct, "verbose", groundCreateValue(BOOL, 0));
+
+    groundAddValueToScope(scope, "request", groundCreateValue(STRUCTVAL, requestStruct));
+
+    // create functions
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "request_Request", ground_request, CUSTOM, 1, CUSTOM, "requestInfo");
+}

libs/unistd/unistd.c

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <groundvm.h>
+#include <groundext.h>
+
+// Allows Ground to access the POSIX standard library.
+// Read more here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unistd.h
+
+// Misc functions
+
+GroundValue groundCrypt(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    char* hash = crypt(args.values[0].data.stringVal, args.values[1].data.stringVal);
+    if (hash == NULL) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "CryptError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(STRING, hash);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetHostId(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) gethostid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetHostId(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = sethostid((long) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetHostIdError");
+    } 
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetHostname(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    char* buf = malloc(256);
+    if (buf == NULL) {
+        ERROR("Couldn't allocate memory to store hostname", "GetHostnameError");
+    }
+    int result = gethostname(buf, 255);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "GetHostnameError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetHostname(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = sethostname(args.values[0].data.stringVal, strlen(args.values[0].data.stringVal));
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetHostnameError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+// Signals
+
+GroundValue groundAlarm(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    unsigned result = alarm((unsigned) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundPause(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = pause();
+    ERROR(strerror(errno), "PauseError");
+}
+
+// Filesystem
+
+GroundValue groundAccess(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = access(args.values[0].data.stringVal, (int) args.values[1].data.intVal);
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundChdir(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = chdir(args.values[0].data.stringVal);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "ChdirError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundChown(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = chown(args.values[0].data.stringVal, (uid_t) args.values[1].data.intVal, (gid_t) args.values[2].data.intVal);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "ChownError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundLink(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = link(args.values[0].data.stringVal, args.values[1].data.stringVal);
+    if (result < 1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "LinkError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundRmdir(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = rmdir(args.values[0].data.stringVal);
+    if (result < 1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "RmdirError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSymlink(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = symlink(args.values[0].data.stringVal, args.values[1].data.stringVal);
+    if (result < 1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SymlinkError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+// Process
+
+GroundValue groundExit(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    _exit(args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    ERROR("Couldn't exit (huh?)", "ExitError");
+}
+
+GroundValue groundExecv(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    char** argv = malloc(sizeof(char*) * args.values[1].data.listVal.size + 1);
+    if (argv == NULL) {
+        ERROR("Couldn't allocate memory for execv list", "ExecvError");
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < args.values[1].data.listVal.size; i++) {
+        if (args.values[1].data.listVal.values[i].type != STRING) {
+            ERROR("Expecting all arguments in list to be of String type", "ExecvError");
+        }
+        argv[i] = args.values[1].data.listVal.values[i].data.stringVal;
+    }
+    argv[args.values[1].data.listVal.size] = NULL;
+
+    int result = execv(args.values[0].data.stringVal, argv);
+
+    ERROR(strerror(errno), "ExecvError");
+}
+
+GroundValue groundExecvp(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    char** argv = malloc(sizeof(char*) * args.values[1].data.listVal.size + 1);
+    if (argv == NULL) {
+        ERROR("Couldn't allocate memory for execv list", "ExecvpError");
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < args.values[1].data.listVal.size; i++) {
+        if (args.values[1].data.listVal.values[i].type != STRING) {
+            ERROR("Expecting all arguments in list to be of String type", "ExecvpError");
+        }
+        argv[i] = args.values[1].data.listVal.values[i].data.stringVal;
+    }
+    argv[args.values[1].data.listVal.size] = NULL;
+
+    int result = execvp(args.values[0].data.stringVal, argv);
+
+    ERROR(strerror(errno), "ExecvpError");
+}
+
+GroundValue groundFork(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    pid_t id = fork();
+    if (id < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "ForkError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, id);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetPid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) getpid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetPPid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) getppid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetSid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    pid_t result = getsid((pid_t) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "GetSidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundNice(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = nice((int) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "NiceError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetSid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    pid_t result = setsid();
+    if (result < 0) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetSidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSleep(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    unsigned int result = sleep((unsigned int) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+// User/Group
+
+GroundValue groundGetGid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) getgid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetEGid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) getegid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetUid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) getuid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetEUid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) geteuid());
+}
+
+GroundValue groundGetLogin(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    char* login = getlogin();
+    if (login == NULL) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "GetLoginError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(STRING, login);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetEUid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = seteuid((uid_t) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    if (result < -1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetEUidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetEGid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = setegid((uid_t) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    if (result < -1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetEGidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetREUid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = setreuid((uid_t) args.values[0].data.intVal, (uid_t) args.values[1].data.intVal);
+    if (result < -1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetREUidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetREGid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = setregid((gid_t) args.values[0].data.intVal, (gid_t) args.values[1].data.intVal);
+    if (result < -1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetREGidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+GroundValue groundSetUid(GroundScope* scope, List args) {
+    int result = setuid((uid_t) args.values[0].data.intVal);
+    if (result < -1) {
+        ERROR(strerror(errno), "SetUidError");
+    }
+    return groundCreateValue(INT, (int64_t) result);
+}
+
+void ground_init(GroundScope* scope) {
+
+    // Misc
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Crypt", groundCrypt, STRING, 2, STRING, "key", STRING, "value");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetHostId", groundGetHostId, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetHostId", groundSetHostId, INT, 1, INT, "hostid");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetHostname", groundGetHostname, STRING, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetHostname", groundSetHostname, INT, 1, STRING, "name");
+
+    // Signals
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Alarm", groundAlarm, INT, 1, INT, "seconds");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Pause", groundPause, INT, 0);
+
+    // Filesystem
+    groundAddValueToScope(scope, "unistd_F_OK", groundCreateValue(INT, F_OK));
+    groundAddValueToScope(scope, "unistd_R_OK", groundCreateValue(INT, R_OK));
+    groundAddValueToScope(scope, "unistd_W_OK", groundCreateValue(INT, W_OK));
+    groundAddValueToScope(scope, "unistd_X_OK", groundCreateValue(INT, X_OK));
+
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Access", groundAccess, INT, 2, STRING, "path", INT, "mode");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Chdir", groundAccess, INT, 1, STRING, "path");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Chown", groundChown, INT, 3, STRING, "path", INT, "owner", INT, "group");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Link", groundLink, INT, 2, STRING, "oldpath", STRING, "newpath");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Rmdir", groundRmdir, INT, 1, STRING, "path");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Symlink", groundSymlink, INT, 2, STRING, "target", STRING, "linkpath");
+
+    // Process
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Exit", groundExit, INT, 1, INT, "status");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Execv", groundExecv, INT, 2, STRING, "path", LIST, "argv");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Execvp", groundExecvp, INT, 2, STRING, "path", LIST, "argv");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Fork", groundFork, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetPid", groundGetPid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetPPid", groundGetPPid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetSid", groundGetSid, INT, 1, INT, "pid");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Nice", groundNice, INT, 1, INT, "inc");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetSid", groundSetSid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_Sleep", groundSleep, INT, 1, INT, "seconds");
+
+    // User/Group
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetGid", groundGetGid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetEGid", groundGetEGid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetUid", groundGetUid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetEUid", groundGetEUid, INT, 0);
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_GetLogin", groundGetLogin, STRING, 0);    
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetEUid", groundSetEUid, INT, 1, INT, "euid");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetEGid", groundSetEGid, INT, 1, INT, "egid");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetREUid", groundSetEGid, INT, 1, INT, "ruid", INT, "euid");
+    groundAddNativeFunction(scope, "unistd_SetREGid", groundSetEGid, INT, 1, INT, "rgid", INT, "egid");
+}

src/interface.c

@@ -43,60 +43,87 @@ GroundValue groundCreateValue(GroundValueType type, ...) {
     va_list args;
     va_start(args, type);
 
+    GroundValue gv;
     switch (type) {
         case INT: {
-            return createIntGroundValue(va_arg(args, int64_t));
+            gv = createIntGroundValue(va_arg(args, int64_t));
             break;
         }
         case DOUBLE: {
-            return createDoubleGroundValue(va_arg(args, double));
+            gv = createDoubleGroundValue(va_arg(args, double));
             break;
         }
         case STRING: {
-            return createStringGroundValue(va_arg(args, char*));
+            gv = createStringGroundValue(va_arg(args, char*));
             break;
         }
         case CHAR: {
-            return createCharGroundValue((char)va_arg(args, int));
+            gv = createCharGroundValue((char)va_arg(args, int));
             break;
         }
         case BOOL: {
-            return createBoolGroundValue((bool)va_arg(args, int));
+            gv = createBoolGroundValue((bool)va_arg(args, int));
             break;
         }
         case LIST: {
-            return createListGroundValue(va_arg(args, List));
+            gv = createListGroundValue(va_arg(args, List));
             break;
         }
         case FUNCTION: {
-            return createFunctionGroundValue(va_arg(args, GroundFunction*));
+            gv = createFunctionGroundValue(va_arg(args, GroundFunction*));
             break;
         }
         case STRUCTVAL: {
-            GroundValue gv;
             gv.type = STRUCTVAL;
             gv.data.structVal = malloc(sizeof(GroundStruct));
             *gv.data.structVal = va_arg(args, GroundStruct);
-            return gv;
-        }
-        case NONE: {
-            return createNoneGroundValue();
             break;
         }
-        case ERROR:
+        case NONE: {
+            gv = createNoneGroundValue();
+            break;
+        }
         case CUSTOM: {
+            // CUSTOM values are created from structs
+            GroundStruct* gstruct = va_arg(args, GroundStruct*);
+            gv.type = CUSTOM;
+            gv.data.customVal = malloc(sizeof(GroundObject));
+            *gv.data.customVal = createObject(*gstruct);
+            
+            // Deep copy the struct definition so it stays valid
+            gv.customType = malloc(sizeof(GroundStruct));
+            gv.customType->size = gstruct->size;
+            gv.customType->fields = malloc(gstruct->size * sizeof(GroundStructField));
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < gstruct->size; i++) {
+                strncpy(gv.customType->fields[i].id, gstruct->fields[i].id, 64);
+                gv.customType->fields[i].value = copyGroundValue(&gstruct->fields[i].value);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case ERROR: {
             // FIXME
+            gv = createNoneGroundValue();
+            break;
+        }
+        default: {
+            gv = createNoneGroundValue();
             break;
         }
     }
 
-    return createNoneGroundValue();
-
     va_end(args);
+    return gv;
 }
 
 GroundValue groundRunProgram(GroundProgram* program) {
-    return interpretGroundProgram(program, NULL);
+    GroundVariable* variables = NULL;
+    GroundLabel* labels = NULL;
+    GroundScope scope = {
+        .variables = &variables,
+        .labels = &labels,
+        .isMainScope = true
+    };
+    return interpretGroundProgram(program, &scope);
 }
 
 void groundPrintProgram(GroundProgram* program) {
@@ -128,3 +155,44 @@ void groundAddFieldToStruct(GroundStruct* gstruct, char* name, GroundValue field
 char* groundCompileProgram(GroundProgram* program) {
     return compileGroundProgram(program);
 }
+
+GroundValue groundRunFunction(GroundFunction* function, size_t argc, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, argc);
+
+    if (function == NULL) {
+        return createErrorGroundValue(createGroundError("Null function passed to groundRunFunction", "valueError", NULL, NULL));
+    }
+
+    // Seems to crash some functions
+    // GroundScope callScope = copyGroundScope(&function->closure);
+
+    GroundScope callScope = {
+        .labels = malloc(sizeof(GroundLabel*)),
+        .variables = malloc(sizeof(GroundVariable*)),
+        .isMainScope = false
+    };
+    *callScope.variables = NULL;
+    *callScope.labels = NULL;
+
+    if (argc != function->argSize) {
+        return createErrorGroundValue(createGroundError("Too few or too many arguments for function", "callError", NULL, NULL));
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        GroundValue gv = va_arg(args, GroundValue);
+        if (checkFnTypes(&gv, &function->args[i]) == false) {
+            return createErrorGroundValue(createGroundError("Mismatched argument type", "callError", NULL, NULL));
+        }
+        addVariable(callScope.variables, function->args[i].name, gv);
+    }
+    va_end(args);
+
+    return interpretGroundProgram(&function->program, &callScope);
+}
+
+GroundObjectField* groundFindField(GroundObject head, const char *id) {
+    GroundObjectField* s;
+    HASH_FIND_STR(head.fields, id, s);
+    return s;
+}

src/interpreter.h

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #ifndef INTERPRETER_H
 #define INTERPRETER_H
-#define MAX_ID_LEN 64
 
 #include "types.h"
 #include "parser.h"
@@ -14,24 +13,6 @@ typedef enum GroundDebugInstructionType {
     DUMP, INSPECT, EVAL, CONTINUE, EXIT, STEP, VIEW, HELP, UNKNOWN
 } GroundDebugInstructionType;
 
-typedef struct GroundLabel {
-    char id[MAX_ID_LEN];
-    int lineNum;
-    UT_hash_handle hh;
-} GroundLabel;
-
-typedef struct GroundVariable {
-    char id[MAX_ID_LEN];
-    GroundValue value;
-    UT_hash_handle hh;
-} GroundVariable;
-
-typedef struct GroundScope {
-    GroundLabel** labels;
-    GroundVariable** variables;
-    bool isMainScope;
-} GroundScope;
-
 typedef struct GroundDebugInstruction {
     GroundDebugInstructionType type;
     char* arg;
@@ -42,7 +23,6 @@ GroundFunction* parseFunction(GroundProgram* in, size_t errorOffset);
 GroundValue interpretGroundProgram(GroundProgram* in, GroundScope* inScope);
 GroundValue interpretGroundInstruction(GroundInstruction inst, GroundScope* scope);
 
-void addVariable(GroundVariable **head, const char *id, GroundValue data);
 
 
 

src/main.c

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 #include "parser.h"
 #include "interpreter.h"
 #include "compiler.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "serialize.h"
+#include "repl.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 char* getFileContents(const char* filename) {
     // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3747086/reading-the-whole-text-file-into-a-char-array-in-c
@@ -40,57 +44,86 @@ char* getFileContents(const char* filename) {
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    /*
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        printf("Usage: ground [file]\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    char* file = getFileContents(argv[1]);
-    GroundProgram program = parseFile(file);
-    free(file);
-    char* compiled = compileGroundProgram(&program);
-    printf("%s\n", compiled);
-    interpretGroundProgram(&program, NULL);
-    */
-
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        printf("Usage: %s <file> [-c] [--compile] [-h] [--help]\n", argv[0]);
-        exit(1);
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        exit(repl());
     }
 
     bool compile = false;
+    bool writeBytecode = false;
+    bool readBytecode = false;
     char* fileName = NULL;
-
+    char* outFileName = NULL;
+    List groundArgs = createList();
     for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
         if (strcmp("--compile", argv[i]) == 0 || strcmp("-c", argv[i]) == 0) {
+            if (writeBytecode) {
+                printf("Cannot choose both bytecode and compilation");
+                exit(1);
+            }
             compile = true;
         }
         else if (strcmp("--help", argv[i]) == 0 || strcmp("-h", argv[i]) == 0) {
             printf("GroundVM help\n");
-            printf("Usage: %s <file> [-c] [--compile] [-h] [--help]\n", argv[0]);
+            printf("Usage: %s <file> [-c] [--compile] [-h] [--help] [-w <output>] [--writeBytecode <output>] [-b] [--bytecode]\n", argv[0]);
             printf("Options:\n");
             printf("  -c or --compile: Outputs Linux x86_64 assembly instead of interpreting (WIP)\n");
             printf("  -h or --help: Shows this help message\n");
+            printf("  -w <output> or --writebytecode <output>: Outputs binary Ground bytecode");
+            printf("  -b <output> or --bytecode <output>: Inputs binary Ground bytecode");
             exit(0);
+        } else if (strcmp("--writeBytecode", argv[i]) == 0 || strcmp("-w", argv[i]) == 0) {
+            if (compile) {
+                printf("Cannot choose both bytecode and compilation");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            writeBytecode = true;
+            if (i + 1 >= argc) {
+                printf("Usage: %s %s <output>", argv[0], argv[i]);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            i++;
+            outFileName = argv[i];
+        } else if (strcmp("--bytecode", argv[i]) == 0 || strcmp("-b", argv[i]) == 0) {
+            readBytecode = true;
         } else {
-            fileName = argv[i];
+            if (fileName == NULL) {
+                fileName = argv[i];
+            } else {
+                appendToList(&groundArgs, createStringGroundValue(argv[i]));
+            }
         }
     }
 
     if (fileName == NULL) {
-        printf("Usage: %s <file> [-c] [--compile] [-h] [--help]\n", argv[0]);
+        printf("Usage: %s <file> [-c] [--compile] [-h] [--help] [-w <output>] [--writeBytecode <output>] [-b] [--bytecode]\n", argv[0]);
         printf("Error: No file name provided\n");
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    char* file = getFileContents(fileName);
-    GroundProgram program = parseFile(file);
-    free(file);
+    GroundProgram program;
+
+    if (readBytecode) {
+        deserializeProgramFromFile(fileName, &program);
+    } else {
+        char* file = getFileContents(fileName);
+        program = parseFile(file);
+        free(file);
+    }
 
     if (compile) {
         char* compiled = compileGroundProgram(&program);
         printf("%s\n", compiled);
+    } else if (writeBytecode) {
+        serializeProgramToFile(outFileName, &program);
     } else {
-        interpretGroundProgram(&program, NULL);
+        GroundVariable* variables = NULL;
+        GroundLabel* labels = NULL;
+
+        GroundScope scope;
+        scope.variables = &variables;
+        scope.labels = &labels;
+        scope.isMainScope = true;
+        addVariable(scope.variables, "CMDLINE_ARGS", createListGroundValue(groundArgs));
+        interpretGroundProgram(&program, &scope);
     }
 }

src/parser.c

@@ -5,6 +5,25 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
+#ifdef _WIN32
+size_t strnlen(const char *src, size_t n) {
+    size_t len = 0;
+    while (len < n && src[len])
+        len++;
+    return len;
+}
+
+char* strndup(const char *s, size_t n) {
+    size_t len = strnlen(s, n);
+    char *p = malloc(len + 1);
+    if (p) {
+        memcpy(p, s, len);
+        p[len] = '\0';
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+#endif
+
 GroundProgram createGroundProgram() {
     GroundProgram gp;
     gp.size = 0;
@@ -157,6 +176,11 @@ static GroundInstType getInstructionType(const char* inst) {
     if (strcmp(inst, "not") == 0) return NOT;
     if (strcmp(inst, "greater") == 0) return GREATER;
     if (strcmp(inst, "lesser") == 0) return LESSER;
+    if (strcmp(inst, "and") == 0) return AND;
+    if (strcmp(inst, "or") == 0) return OR;
+    if (strcmp(inst, "xor") == 0) return XOR;
+    if (strcmp(inst, "neg") == 0) return NEG;
+    if (strcmp(inst, "shift") == 0) return SHIFT;
     if (strcmp(inst, "stoi") == 0) return STOI;
     if (strcmp(inst, "stod") == 0) return STOD;
     if (strcmp(inst, "ctoi") == 0) return CTOI;
@@ -175,6 +199,7 @@ static GroundInstType getInstructionType(const char* inst) {
     if (strcmp(inst, "use") == 0) return USE;
     if (strcmp(inst, "extern") == 0) return EXTERN;
     if (strcmp(inst, "drop") == 0) return DROP;
+    if (strcmp(inst, "license") == 0) return LICENSE;
     if (strcmp(inst, "PAUSE") == 0) return PAUSE;
     
     fprintf(stderr, "Error: Unknown instruction: %s\n", inst);

src/repl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Ground REPL (shows when ground is ran without any arguments)
+ * Copyright (C) 2026 DiamondNether90
+ * 
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include "interpreter.h"
+#include "include/estr.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024
+
+int repl() {
+    printf("Ground REPL\n");
+    printf("Copyright (C) DiamondNether90 2026\n");
+    printf("Distributed under the GNU GPL-3.0 license; type \"license\" for more info\n");
+    char input[BUFFER_SIZE];
+    
+    GroundVariable* variables = NULL;
+    GroundLabel* labels = NULL;
+
+    GroundScope scope;
+    scope.variables = &variables;
+    scope.labels = &labels;
+    scope.isMainScope = true;
+    while (true) {
+        Estr programString = CREATE_ESTR("");
+        *scope.labels = NULL;
+        
+        // Get program
+        printf(">>> ");
+        while (true) {
+            fgets(input, BUFFER_SIZE, stdin);
+            if (strcmp(input, "\n") == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            APPEND_ESTR(programString, input);
+            printf("...");
+        }
+        
+        // Interpret program
+        GroundProgram program = createGroundProgram();
+        program = parseFile(programString.str);
+        interpretGroundProgram(&program, &scope);
+        freeGroundProgram(&program);
+        
+        DESTROY_ESTR(programString);
+    }
+}

src/repl.h

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+int repl();

src/serialize.c

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+#include "serialize.h"
+#include "types.h"
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+static bool writeBytes(FILE* f, const void* data, size_t n) {
+    return fwrite(data, 1, n, f) == n;
+}
+
+static bool readBytes(FILE* f, void* data, size_t n) {
+    return fread(data, 1, n, f) == n;
+}
+
+/* Convenience macros for writing/reading a single typed value. */
+#define WRITE(f, val)  writeBytes((f), &(val), sizeof(val))
+#define READ(f, val)   readBytes((f),  &(val), sizeof(val))
+
+
+bool serializeWriteString(FILE* f, const char* s) {
+    if (s == NULL) {
+        uint32_t sentinel = UINT32_MAX;
+        return WRITE(f, sentinel);
+    }
+    uint32_t len = (uint32_t)strlen(s);
+    if (!WRITE(f, len)) return false;
+    if (len > 0 && !writeBytes(f, s, len)) return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+char* serializeReadString(FILE* f) {
+    uint32_t len;
+    if (!READ(f, len)) return NULL;
+    if (len == UINT32_MAX) return NULL;
+    char* s = malloc(len + 1);
+    if (!s) return NULL;
+    if (len > 0 && !readBytes(f, s, len)) {
+        free(s);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    s[len] = '\0';
+    return s;
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * GroundValue
+ *
+ * Format:
+ *   uint32_t  type
+ *   <payload depending on type>
+ *
+ * Only INT, DOUBLE, CHAR, BOOL, STRING, NONE are expected here.
+ * Any other type is treated as a serialization error.
+ * ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
+*/
+
+bool serializeWriteValue(FILE* f, const GroundValue* gv) {
+    uint32_t type = (uint32_t)gv->type;
+    if (!WRITE(f, type)) return false;
+
+    switch (gv->type) {
+        case INT:
+            return WRITE(f, gv->data.intVal);
+        case DOUBLE:
+            return WRITE(f, gv->data.doubleVal);
+        case CHAR:
+            return WRITE(f, gv->data.charVal);
+        case BOOL:
+            return WRITE(f, gv->data.boolVal);
+        case STRING:
+            return serializeWriteString(f, gv->data.stringVal);
+        case NONE:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            /* LIST, FUNCTION, STRUCTVAL, CUSTOM, ERROR:
+             * These don't exist at serialization time. If you're hitting
+             * this, something has gone wrong well before we got here. */
+            fprintf(stderr, "serializeWriteValue: unexpected type %d\n", gv->type);
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool serializeReadValue(FILE* f, GroundValue* out) {
+    memset(out, 0, sizeof(*out));
+
+    uint32_t type;
+    if (!READ(f, type)) return false;
+    out->type = (GroundValueType)type;
+
+    switch (out->type) {
+        case INT:
+            return READ(f, out->data.intVal);
+        case DOUBLE:
+            return READ(f, out->data.doubleVal);
+        case CHAR:
+            return READ(f, out->data.charVal);
+        case BOOL:
+            return READ(f, out->data.boolVal);
+        case STRING: {
+            char* s = serializeReadString(f);
+            /* NULL is a valid encoded value (the sentinel case), but
+             * we only wrote non-NULL strings, so treat NULL-read as error. */
+            if (!s) return false;
+            out->data.stringVal = s;
+            return true;
+        }
+        case NONE:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            fprintf(stderr, "serializeReadValue: unexpected type %d\n", out->type);
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * GroundArg
+ *
+ * Format:
+ *   uint32_t  argType
+ *   <if VALUE>  serialized GroundValue
+ *   <otherwise> length-prefixed refName string
+ * ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
+*/
+
+bool serializeWriteArg(FILE* f, const GroundArg* ga) {
+    uint32_t type = (uint32_t)ga->type;
+    if (!WRITE(f, type)) return false;
+
+    if (ga->type == VALUE) {
+        return serializeWriteValue(f, &ga->value.value);
+    } else {
+        /* VALREF, DIRREF, LINEREF, LABEL, FNREF, TYPEREF — all carry a refName */
+        return serializeWriteString(f, ga->value.refName);
+    }
+}
+
+bool serializeReadArg(FILE* f, GroundArg* out) {
+    memset(out, 0, sizeof(*out));
+
+    uint32_t type;
+    if (!READ(f, type)) return false;
+    out->type = (GroundArgType)type;
+
+    if (out->type == VALUE) {
+        return serializeReadValue(f, &out->value.value);
+    } else {
+        char* ref = serializeReadString(f);
+        if (!ref) return false;
+        out->value.refName = ref;
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * GroundInstruction
+ *
+ * Format:
+ *   uint32_t  instType
+ *   uint64_t  argCount
+ *   <argCount x serialized GroundArg>
+ * ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
+*/
+
+bool serializeWriteInstruction(FILE* f, const GroundInstruction* gi) {
+    uint32_t type = (uint32_t)gi->type;
+    if (!WRITE(f, type)) return false;
+
+    uint64_t argc = (uint64_t)gi->args.length;
+    if (!WRITE(f, argc)) return false;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < gi->args.length; i++) {
+        if (!serializeWriteArg(f, &gi->args.args[i])) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool serializeReadInstruction(FILE* f, GroundInstruction* out) {
+    uint32_t type;
+    if (!READ(f, type)) return false;
+
+    *out = createGroundInstruction((GroundInstType)type);
+
+    uint64_t argc;
+    if (!READ(f, argc)) return false;
+
+    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        GroundArg arg;
+        if (!serializeReadArg(f, &arg)) {
+            /* Free whatever args we've already read before bailing. */
+            freeGroundInstruction(out);
+            return false;
+        }
+        addArgToInstruction(out, arg);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * GroundProgram  —  top-level
+ *
+ * File layout:
+ *   uint32_t  magic    (GROUND_MAGIC)
+ *   uint32_t  version  (GROUND_VERSION)
+ *   uint64_t  instrCount
+ *   <instrCount x serialized GroundInstruction>
+ * ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
+*/
+
+bool serializeProgramToFile(const char* path, const GroundProgram* prog) {
+    FILE* f = fopen(path, "wb");
+    if (!f) {
+        perror("serializeProgramToFile: fopen");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    /* Header */
+    uint32_t magic   = GROUND_MAGIC;
+    uint32_t version = GROUND_VERSION;
+    ok = ok && WRITE(f, magic);
+    ok = ok && WRITE(f, version);
+
+    /* Instruction count, then instructions */
+    uint64_t count = (uint64_t)prog->size;
+    ok = ok && WRITE(f, count);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < prog->size && ok; i++) {
+        ok = serializeWriteInstruction(f, &prog->instructions[i]);
+    }
+
+    if (!ok) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "serializeProgramToFile: write error\n");
+    }
+
+    fclose(f);
+    return ok;
+}
+
+bool deserializeProgramFromFile(const char* path, GroundProgram* out) {
+    memset(out, 0, sizeof(*out));
+
+    FILE* f = fopen(path, "rb");
+    if (!f) {
+        perror("deserializeProgramFromFile: fopen");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    /* Validate header */
+    uint32_t magic, version;
+    ok = ok && READ(f, magic);
+    ok = ok && READ(f, version);
+
+    if (!ok || magic != GROUND_MAGIC) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "deserializeProgramFromFile: bad magic (got 0x%08X)\n", magic);
+        fclose(f);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (version != GROUND_VERSION) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "deserializeProgramFromFile: unsupported version %u\n", version);
+        fclose(f);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /* Read instruction count */
+    uint64_t count;
+    if (!READ(f, count)) {
+        fclose(f);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    out->instructions = malloc(sizeof(GroundInstruction) * count);
+    if (!out->instructions && count > 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "deserializeProgramFromFile: malloc failed\n");
+        fclose(f);
+        return false;
+    }
+    out->size = 0;  /* incremented as we go so partial frees are safe */
+
+    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (!serializeReadInstruction(f, &out->instructions[i])) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "deserializeProgramFromFile: failed at instruction %llu\n",
+                    (unsigned long long)i);
+            /* Free everything successfully read so far. */
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < out->size; j++)
+                freeGroundInstruction(&out->instructions[j]);
+            free(out->instructions);
+            memset(out, 0, sizeof(*out));
+            fclose(f);
+            return false;
+        }
+        out->size++;
+    }
+
+    fclose(f);
+    return true;
+}

src/serialize.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifndef SERIALIZE_H
+#define SERIALIZE_H
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include "types.h"
+
+/*
+ * Magic number and version for Ground bytecode files.
+ * The magic bytes spell 'GRND'
+ */
+#define GROUND_MAGIC   0x47524E44u
+#define GROUND_VERSION 1u
+
+/*
+ * File header written at the start of every .grbc file.
+ */
+typedef struct GroundBytecodeHeader {
+    uint32_t magic;
+    uint32_t version;
+} GroundBytecodeHeader;
+
+/*
+ * Writes a length-prefixed UTF-8 string to (f).
+ * NULL is encoded as a sentinel length (UINT32_MAX).
+ * Returns true on success.
+ */
+bool serializeWriteString(FILE* f, const char* s);
+
+char* serializeReadString(FILE* f);
+
+
+bool serializeWriteValue(FILE* f, const GroundValue* gv);
+bool serializeReadValue(FILE* f, GroundValue* out);
+
+
+bool serializeWriteArg(FILE* f, const GroundArg* ga);
+bool serializeReadArg(FILE* f, GroundArg* out);
+
+
+bool serializeWriteInstruction(FILE* f, const GroundInstruction* gi);
+bool serializeReadInstruction(FILE* f, GroundInstruction* out);
+
+bool serializeProgramToFile(const char* path, const GroundProgram* prog);
+
+bool deserializeProgramFromFile(const char* path, GroundProgram* out);
+
+#endif

src/types.c

@@ -2,6 +2,20 @@
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+static char out_buf[65536];
+static int out_pos = 0;
+
+void wasm_print(const char* str) {
+    int len = strlen(str);
+    if (out_pos + len < (int)sizeof(out_buf) - 1) {
+        memcpy(out_buf + out_pos, str, len);
+        out_pos += len;
+        out_buf[out_pos] = '\0';
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
 GroundValue createIntGroundValue(int64_t in) {
     GroundValue gv;
     gv.data.intVal = in;
@@ -73,11 +87,14 @@ GroundValue copyGroundValue(const GroundValue* gv) {
         case CHAR: newGv.data.charVal = gv->data.charVal; break;
         case BOOL: newGv.data.boolVal = gv->data.boolVal; break;
         case STRING:
+            /*
             if (gv->data.stringVal != NULL) {
                 newGv.data.stringVal = strdup(gv->data.stringVal);
             } else {
                 newGv.data.stringVal = NULL;
             }
+            */
+            newGv.data.stringVal = gv->data.stringVal;
             break;
         case LIST: {
             List newList = createList();
@@ -90,16 +107,63 @@ GroundValue copyGroundValue(const GroundValue* gv) {
         }
         case FUNCTION: newGv.data.fnVal = gv->data.fnVal; break;
         case STRUCTVAL: {
-            // do this later lmao
-            // FIXME
-            newGv.data.structVal = gv->data.structVal;
+            newGv.data.structVal = malloc(sizeof(GroundStruct));
+            if (newGv.data.structVal == NULL) {
+                printf("Couldn't allocate memory for GroundStruct copy\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            
+            newGv.data.structVal->size = gv->data.structVal->size;
+            newGv.data.structVal->fields = malloc(gv->data.structVal->size * sizeof(GroundStructField));
+            if (newGv.data.structVal->fields == NULL && gv->data.structVal->size > 0) {
+                printf("Couldn't allocate memory for GroundStruct fields copy\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < gv->data.structVal->size; i++) {
+                strncpy(newGv.data.structVal->fields[i].id, 
+                        gv->data.structVal->fields[i].id, 
+                        sizeof(newGv.data.structVal->fields[i].id) - 1);
+                newGv.data.structVal->fields[i].id[sizeof(newGv.data.structVal->fields[i].id) - 1] = '\0';
+                
+                newGv.data.structVal->fields[i].value = copyGroundValue(&gv->data.structVal->fields[i].value);
+            }
             break;
         }
-        case CUSTOM:
-            // also do this later
-            // FIXME
-            newGv.data.customVal = gv->data.customVal;
+        case CUSTOM: {
+            newGv.data.customVal = malloc(sizeof(GroundObject));
+            if (newGv.data.customVal == NULL) {
+                printf("Couldn't allocate memory for GroundObject copy\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            
+            newGv.data.customVal->fields = NULL;
+            
+            // Deep copy the struct definition as well
+            newGv.customType = malloc(sizeof(GroundStruct));
+            newGv.customType->size = gv->customType->size;
+            newGv.customType->fields = malloc(gv->customType->size * sizeof(GroundStructField));
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < gv->customType->size; i++) {
+                strncpy(newGv.customType->fields[i].id, gv->customType->fields[i].id, 64);
+                newGv.customType->fields[i].value = copyGroundValue(&gv->customType->fields[i].value);
+            }
+
+            GroundObjectField *field, *tmp;
+            HASH_ITER(hh, gv->data.customVal->fields, field, tmp) {
+                GroundObjectField* newField = malloc(sizeof(GroundObjectField));
+                if (newField == NULL) {
+                    printf("Couldn't allocate memory for GroundObjectField copy\n");
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                
+                strncpy(newField->id, field->id, sizeof(newField->id) - 1);
+                newField->id[sizeof(newField->id) - 1] = '\0';
+                newField->value = copyGroundValue(&field->value);
+                
+                HASH_ADD_STR(newGv.data.customVal->fields, id, newField);
+            }
             break;
+        }
         case NONE:
         default: {
 
@@ -197,7 +261,8 @@ void printGroundValue(GroundValue* gv) {
 
 void freeGroundValue(GroundValue* gv) {
     if (gv->type == STRING && gv->data.stringVal != NULL) {
-        free(gv->data.stringVal);
+        // leak some memory for now
+        // free(gv->data.stringVal);
         gv->data.stringVal = NULL;
     }
     if (gv->type == LIST && gv->data.listVal.values != NULL) {
@@ -214,6 +279,20 @@ void freeGroundValue(GroundValue* gv) {
         freeGroundStruct(gstruct);
         free(gstruct);
     }
+    if (gv->type == CUSTOM && gv->data.customVal != NULL) {
+        freeGroundObject(gv->data.customVal);
+        free(gv->data.customVal);
+        gv->data.customVal = NULL;
+        
+        if (gv->customType != NULL) {
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < gv->customType->size; i++) {
+                freeGroundValue(&gv->customType->fields[i].value);
+            }
+            free(gv->customType->fields);
+            free(gv->customType);
+            gv->customType = NULL;
+        }
+    }
     if (gv->type == ERROR) {
         GroundError* error = &gv->data.errorVal;
         if (error->type != NULL) {
@@ -407,6 +486,21 @@ void printGroundInstruction(GroundInstruction* gi) {
         case LESSER:
             printf("lesser");
             break;
+        case AND:
+            printf("and");
+            break;
+        case OR:
+            printf("or");
+            break;
+        case XOR:
+            printf("xor");
+            break;
+        case NEG:
+            printf("neg");
+            break;
+        case SHIFT:
+            printf("shift");
+            break;
         case STOI:
             printf("stoi");
             break;
@@ -466,6 +560,7 @@ void printGroundInstruction(GroundInstruction* gi) {
     }
     if (gi->type != CREATELABEL) printf(" ");
     for (size_t i = 0; i < gi->args.length; i++) {
+        if (i != 0) printf(" ");
         if (gi->args.args[i].type == VALUE && gi->args.args[i].value.value.type == STRING) {
             printf("\"");
             printGroundArg(&gi->args.args[i]);
@@ -473,7 +568,6 @@ void printGroundInstruction(GroundInstruction* gi) {
         } else {
             printGroundArg(&gi->args.args[i]);
         }
-        printf(" ");
     }
 }
 
@@ -486,12 +580,12 @@ List createList() {
 
 void appendToList(List* list, GroundValue value) {
     if (list == NULL) {
-        printf("Expecting a List ptr, got a null pointer instead.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/cground\n");
+        printf("Expecting a List ptr, got a null pointer instead.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/ground\n");
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
     GroundValue* ptr = realloc(list->values, (list->size + 1) * sizeof(GroundValue));
     if (ptr == NULL) {
-        printf("There was an error allocating memory for a list.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/cground\n");
+        printf("There was an error allocating memory for a list.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/ground\n");
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
     list->size++;
@@ -501,7 +595,7 @@ void appendToList(List* list, GroundValue value) {
 
 ListAccess getListAt(List* list, size_t idx) {
     if (list == NULL) {
-        printf("Expecting a List ptr, got a null pointer instead.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/cground\n");
+        printf("Expecting a List ptr, got a null pointer instead.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/ground\n");
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }    
     if (idx < list->size) {
@@ -519,7 +613,7 @@ ListAccess getListAt(List* list, size_t idx) {
 
 ListAccessStatus setListAt(List* list, size_t idx, GroundValue value) {
     if (list == NULL) {
-        printf("Expecting a List ptr, got a null pointer instead.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/cground\n");
+        printf("Expecting a List ptr, got a null pointer instead.\nThis is likely not an error with your Ground program.\nPlease report this issue to https://chsp.au/ground/ground\n");
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }    
     if (idx < list->size) {
@@ -670,3 +764,24 @@ bool checkTypes(GroundValue* left, GroundValue* right) {
     }
     return true;
 }
+
+GroundScope copyGroundScope(GroundScope* scope) {
+    GroundScope newScope = {
+        .labels = malloc(sizeof(GroundLabel*)),
+        .variables = malloc(sizeof(GroundVariable*)),
+        .isMainScope = false
+    };
+    *newScope.variables = NULL;
+    *newScope.labels = NULL;
+
+    if (scope == NULL) {
+        printf("oh no scope is null\n");
+    }
+
+    GroundVariable *var, *tmp = NULL;
+    HASH_ITER(hh, *scope->variables, var, tmp) {
+        addVariable(newScope.variables, var->id, var->value);
+    }
+
+    return newScope;
+}

src/types.h

@@ -8,8 +8,28 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include "include/uthash.h"
 
+#define MAX_ID_LEN 64
+
+// If targeting WASM, define WASM specific stuff
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten.h>
+
+void wasm_print(const char* str);
+
+#undef printf
+#define printf(fmt, ...) do { \
+    int __needed = snprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__) + 1; \
+    char* __buf = malloc(__needed); \
+    if (__buf) { \
+        snprintf(__buf, __needed, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+        wasm_print(__buf); \
+        free(__buf); \
+    } \
+} while(0)
+#endif
+
 typedef enum GroundInstType {
-    IF, JUMP, END, INPUT, PRINT, PRINTLN, SET, GETTYPE, EXISTS, SETLIST, SETLISTAT, GETLISTAT, GETLISTSIZE, LISTAPPEND, GETSTRSIZE, GETSTRCHARAT, ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, EQUAL, INEQUAL, NOT, GREATER, LESSER, STOI, STOD, ITOC, CTOI, TOSTRING, FUN, RETURN, ENDFUN, PUSHARG, CALL, STRUCT, ENDSTRUCT, INIT, GETFIELD, SETFIELD, USE, EXTERN, CREATELABEL, PAUSE, DROP, ERRORCMD
+    IF, JUMP, END, INPUT, PRINT, PRINTLN, SET, GETTYPE, EXISTS, SETLIST, SETLISTAT, GETLISTAT, GETLISTSIZE, LISTAPPEND, GETSTRSIZE, GETSTRCHARAT, ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, EQUAL, INEQUAL, NOT, GREATER, LESSER, AND, OR, XOR, NEG, SHIFT, STOI, STOD, ITOC, CTOI, TOSTRING, FUN, RETURN, ENDFUN, PUSHARG, CALL, STRUCT, ENDSTRUCT, INIT, GETFIELD, SETFIELD, USE, EXTERN, CREATELABEL, PAUSE, DROP, LICENSE, ERRORCMD
 } GroundInstType;
 
 typedef enum GroundValueType {
@@ -63,7 +83,7 @@ typedef struct GroundError {
 typedef struct GroundValue {
     GroundValueType type;
     struct GroundStruct* customType;
-    struct {
+    union {
         int64_t intVal;
         double doubleVal;
         char* stringVal;
@@ -77,6 +97,24 @@ typedef struct GroundValue {
     } data;
 } GroundValue;
 
+typedef struct GroundLabel {
+    char id[MAX_ID_LEN];
+    int lineNum;
+    UT_hash_handle hh;
+} GroundLabel;
+
+typedef struct GroundVariable {
+    char id[MAX_ID_LEN];
+    GroundValue value;
+    UT_hash_handle hh;
+} GroundVariable;
+
+typedef struct GroundScope {
+    GroundLabel** labels;
+    GroundVariable** variables;
+    bool isMainScope;
+} GroundScope;
+
 /*
  * Indicates status when accessing a list.
  * Associated functions:
@@ -145,6 +183,7 @@ typedef struct GroundFunction {
     GroundProgram program;
     size_t startLine;
     bool isNative;
+    GroundScope closure;
     NativeGroundFunction nativeFn;
 } GroundFunction;
 
@@ -284,5 +323,10 @@ bool checkFnTypes(GroundValue* left, GroundFunctionArgs* arg);
 // Compares types of two values.
 bool checkTypes(GroundValue* left, GroundValue* right);
 
+// Adds variable to GroundScope
+void addVariable(GroundVariable **head, const char *id, GroundValue data);
+
+// Deep copies a GroundScope
+GroundScope copyGroundScope(GroundScope* scope);
 
 #endif

tests/closure.grnd

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+set &x 5
+
+fun !dingle -function -int &a
+    fun !capture -int -int &b
+        add $a $b &tmp
+        add $tmp $x &tmp
+        return $tmp
+    endfun
+    return $capture
+endfun
+
+set &x 10
+call !dingle 3 &result
+call !result 5 &y
+println $y $x

tests/drop.grnd

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 set &x "dingus"
-PAUSE
+println $x
 drop &x
-PAUSE
+println $x

tests/end.grnd

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+set &x 10
+end $x

tests/lib.grnd

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+fun !lib_PrintHello -int
+    println "Hello"
+    return 0
+endfun

tests/list.grnd

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # A cool list
-setlist &favWords "hello" "there" "general" "kenobi"
+setlist &favWords "hello" "there" "general"
+listappend &favWords "kenobi"
 println $favWords
 
 set &count 0

tests/pause.grnd

@@ -1,11 +1,2 @@
-fun !dingle -int
-
-endfun
-
 set &x 5
-set &y "dingle"
-PAUSE
-println "continuing"
-println "step through here"
-println "step again"
-println "and again"
+PAUSE

tests/recursivefib.grnd

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fun !fib -int -int &n -function &fib
 endfun
 
 # Main program
-println "Computing fib(30) recursively..."
-call !fib 30 $fib &answer
+println "Computing fib(20) recursively..."
+call !fib 20 $fib &answer
 println "Result:" $answer
 end

tests/string.grnd

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ input &str
 getstrsize $str &size
 set &idx 0
 @loop
-getstrcharat $str $idx &char
-println $char
-add 1 $idx &idx
-equal $idx $size &cond
-if $cond %loopend
-jump %loop
+    getstrcharat $str $idx &char
+    println $char
+    add 1 $idx &idx
+    equal $idx $size &cond
+    if $cond %loopend
+    jump %loop
 @loopend

tests/unit.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+echo "" > log.txt
+for f in *.grnd; do
+    [ -e "$f" ] || continue   # skip if no files match
+    # Files to skip over
+    if [[ "$f" == "lib.grnd" ]] ||
+    [[ "$f" == "string.grnd" ]] ||
+    [[ "$f" == "test.grnd" ]] ||
+    [[ "$f" == "to1000.grnd" ]] ||
+    [[ "$f" == "uhoh.grnd" ]] ||
+    [[ "$f" == "pause.grnd" ]];
+        then continue
+    fi
+    echo "Running $f"
+    ground "$f" > log.txt
+    
+    FILE="log.txt"
+    FAILED="\033[31mFailed\n\033[0m"
+    if [[ "$f" == "closure.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "13 10\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "convs.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "32\n12\n3.140000\na\n97\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "drop.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "dingus\nGround runtime error:\n  ErrorType: UnknownVariable\n  ErrorInstruction: println \$x\n  ErrorLine: 4\n"));
+            then printf "\033[31mFailed\n\033[0m"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "error.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "Ground runtime error:\n  ErrorType: Hello\n  ErrorContext: [1, 2, 3, Hi!]\n  ErrorInstruction: error \"Hello\" [1, 2, 3, Hi!] 1\n  ErrorLine: 2\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "fib.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "Fibonacci result: 7540113804746346429\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "function.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "dingle\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "list.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "[hello, there, general, kenobi]\nhello\nthere\ngeneral\nkenobi\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "recursivefib.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "Computing fib(20) recursively...\nResult: 6765\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "simple.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "dingus\ndinglefart\n5.840000\n464773025\n5164.120000\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "struct.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "53\n32\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$f" == "use.grnd" ]]; then
+        if !(cmp -s "$FILE" <(printf "Hello\n"));
+            then printf $FAILED
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    else
+        printf "\033[31mCould not find test case\n\033[0m"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+done
+rm log.txt
+printf "\033[32mAll tests passed!\n\033[0m"
+exit 0

tests/use.grnd

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+use "lib"
+call !lib_PrintHello &tmp