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instruction encoding and decoding working

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SpookyDervish
2026-07-15 17:31:10 +10:00
parent 9d0c1de3f5
commit c06f070921
8 changed files with 221 additions and 10 deletions
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2
meson.build
View File

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ sources = [
'src/instruction.c'
]
args = ['-Wall', '-Wextra', '-Wpedantic', '-O3', '-ggdb', '-fsanitize=address']
args = ['-Wall', '-Wextra', '-O3', '-ggdb', '-fsanitize=address']
executable('emu', sources, c_args: args)

143
src/emu.c
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@@ -1,5 +1,146 @@
#include "emu.h"
inline Instruction fetchInst(Emulator* emu) {
return decodeInstruction(emu->mem, &emu->pc);
}
inline void updateFlagsRegister(Emulator* emu, int32_t value) {
if (value == 0) {
emu->regs[REG_F] = FLAG_ZERO;
} else if (value < 0) {
emu->regs[REG_F] = FLAG_NEGATIVE;
} else if (value > UINT16_MAX) {
emu->regs[REG_F] = FLAG_OVERFLOW;
}
}
void startEmulator(Emulator* emu) {
static void* dispatchTable[] = {
&&MOV,
&&MVI,
&&ADD,
&&SUB,
&&LOAD,
&&STORE,
&&AND,
&&OR,
&&XOR,
&&SHF,
&&JMP,
&&JIZ,
&&CALL,
&&RET,
&&SYS,
&&HLT
};
emu->halted = false;
Instruction inst;
#define DISPATCH() inst = fetchInst(emu); \
goto *dispatchTable[inst.opcode];
DISPATCH();
MOV: {
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
DISPATCH();
}
MVI: {
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = inst.immediate;
DISPATCH();
}
ADD: {
int32_t result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] + emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
updateFlagsRegister(emu, result);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = result;
DISPATCH();
}
SUB: {
int32_t result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] - emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
updateFlagsRegister(emu, result);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = result;
DISPATCH();
}
LOAD: {
uint32_t addr = getAddress(
emu->regs[inst.operands[1]],
emu->regs[inst.operands[2]]
);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = memoryLoadWord(emu->mem, addr);
DISPATCH();
}
STORE: {
uint32_t addr = getAddress(
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]],
emu->regs[inst.operands[1]]
);
memorySaveWord(emu->mem, addr, inst.operands[2]);
DISPATCH();
}
AND: {
int32_t result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] & emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
updateFlagsRegister(emu, result);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = result;
DISPATCH();
}
OR: {
int32_t result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] | emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
updateFlagsRegister(emu, result);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = result;
DISPATCH();
}
XOR: {
int32_t result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] ^ emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
updateFlagsRegister(emu, result);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = result;
DISPATCH();
}
SHF: {
int32_t result;
if (inst.operands[2] == 0)
result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] << emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
else
result = emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] >> emu->regs[inst.operands[1]];
updateFlagsRegister(emu, result);
emu->regs[inst.operands[0]] = result;
DISPATCH();
}
JMP: {
emu->pc = getAddress(inst.operands[0], inst.operands[1]);
DISPATCH();
}
JIZ: {
if (emu->regs[REG_F] & FLAG_ZERO)
emu->pc = getAddress(inst.operands[0], inst.operands[1]);
DISPATCH();
}
CALL: {
// save the pc at the current sp and decrement the sp (stack grows downward)
((uint32_t*)emu->mem->data)[emu->sp--] = emu->pc;
// jump to given addr
emu->pc = getAddress(inst.operands[0], inst.operands[1]);
DISPATCH();
}
RET: {
// return to value at sp and increment it
emu->pc = ((uint32_t*)emu->mem->data)[++emu->sp];
DISPATCH();
}
SYS: {
// TODO
DISPATCH();
}
HLT: {
emu->halted = true;
return;
}
}
Emulator* initEmulator(uint32_t memorySize) {
Emulator* newEmu = malloc(sizeof(Emulator));
if (!newEmu)
@@ -9,7 +150,7 @@ Emulator* initEmulator(uint32_t memorySize) {
memset(newEmu->regs, 0, sizeof(newEmu->regs));
// zero out special regs
newEmu->pc = 0;
newEmu->pc = MEM_PROGRAM_START;
newEmu->sp = 0;
newEmu->ihp = 0;

10
src/emu.h
View File

@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "memory.h"
#define FLAG_ZERO (1 << 0)
#define FLAG_NEGATIVE (1 << 1)
#define FLAG_OVERFLOW (1 << 2)
// -- TYPES -- //
typedef struct {
uint16_t regs[REG_MAX];
@@ -13,8 +18,11 @@ typedef struct {
uint32_t pc;
uint32_t ihp;
uint32_t sp;
bool halted;
} Emulator;
// -- FUNCTIONS -- //
Emulator* initEmulator(uint32_t memorySize);
void freeEmulator(Emulator* emu);
void freeEmulator(Emulator* emu);
void startEmulator(Emulator* emu);

2
src/instruction.c
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@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ char* registerToCStr(Register reg) {
char* instructionToCStr(Instruction inst) {
size_t bufferSize = 64;
size_t bufferSize = 16;
char* buffer = malloc(bufferSize);
if (!buffer)
return NULL;

2
src/instruction.h
View File

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// -- TYPES -- //
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ typedef struct {
InstructionOpcode opcode;
uint8_t operands[3];
uint16_t immediate; // unused for almost all instructions
bool hasImm16;
} Instruction;
typedef enum {

12
src/main.c
View File

@@ -8,8 +8,16 @@ int main() {
return 1;
}
Instruction inst = decodeInstruction(emu->mem, &emu->pc);
printf("%s\n", instructionToCStr(inst));
Instruction program[] = {
{INST_MVI, {REG_A, 0, 0}, 5, true},
{INST_MVI, {REG_B, 0, 0}, 3, true},
{INST_ADD, {REG_A, REG_B, 0}, 0, false}
};
memoryLoadProgram(emu->mem, program, sizeof(program)/sizeof(program[0]));
printf("%s\n", instructionToCStr(decodeInstruction(emu->mem, &emu->pc)));
printf("%s\n", instructionToCStr(decodeInstruction(emu->mem, &emu->pc)));
printf("%s\n", instructionToCStr(decodeInstruction(emu->mem, &emu->pc)));
freeEmulator(emu);

53
src/memory.c
View File

@@ -23,8 +23,44 @@ inline void memorySaveWord(Memory* m, uint32_t address, uint16_t value) {
((uint16_t*)m->data)[address] = value;
}
void putInst(Memory* m, SerializedInst inst, uint32_t offset) {
memcpy((SerializedInst*)(&m->data[MEM_PROGRAM_START]) + offset, &inst, sizeof(SerializedInst));
}
uint32_t memorySerializeInst(Memory* m, Instruction inst, uint32_t offset) {
SerializedInst packed = 0;
packed |= (SerializedInst)(inst.opcode & 0b0000000000001111) ;
packed |= (SerializedInst)(inst.operands[0] & 0b0000000000001111) << 4;
packed |= (SerializedInst)(inst.operands[1] & 0b0000000000001111) << 8;
packed |= (SerializedInst)(inst.operands[2] & 0b0000000000001111) << 12;
memcpy(m->data + MEM_PROGRAM_START + (offset * sizeof(SerializedInst)), &packed, sizeof(SerializedInst));
offset++;
// write the imm16 if the instruction has one
if (inst.hasImm16) {
memcpy(m->data + MEM_PROGRAM_START + (offset * sizeof(SerializedInst)), &inst.immediate, sizeof(SerializedInst));
offset++;
}
return offset;
}
void memoryLoadProgram(Memory* m, Instruction program[], size_t numInstructions) {
size_t offset = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < numInstructions; i++) {
offset = memorySerializeInst(m, program[i], offset);
}
}
Instruction decodeInstruction(Memory* m, uint32_t* pc) {
SerializedInst serialized = m->data[*pc];
SerializedInst serialized;
memcpy(&serialized, &m->data[*pc], sizeof(SerializedInst));
Instruction outputInst = {};
uint8_t opcode = serialized & 0b0000000000001111; // get four lowest bits for the opcode
@@ -38,14 +74,17 @@ Instruction decodeInstruction(Memory* m, uint32_t* pc) {
case OP_REG: {
// get the data at the current offset, and grab the 4 bits that are there with a bitwise
// "and" operator
outputInst.operands[offset] = (serialized >> (4 * (offset + 1))) & 0b0000000000001111;
outputInst.operands[i] = (serialized >> (4 * (offset + 1))) & 0b0000000000001111;
offset++;
break;
}
case OP_IMM16: { // the immediate 16 takes up the space where the next instruction would be
uint16_t nextDataOver = m->data[++*pc];
(*pc) += sizeof(SerializedInst);
uint16_t nextDataOver = m->data[*pc];
outputInst.immediate = nextDataOver;
outputInst.hasImm16 = true;
break;
}
@@ -53,12 +92,20 @@ Instruction decodeInstruction(Memory* m, uint32_t* pc) {
break;
}
}
if (opTypes[i] == OP_IMM16) break;
}
(*pc) += sizeof(SerializedInst);
return outputInst;
}
void freeMemory(Memory* m) {
free(m->data);
free(m);
}
inline uint32_t getAddress(uint16_t low, uint16_t high) {
return (high << 16) | low;
}

7
src/memory.h
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@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "instruction.h"
#define MEM_CALL_STACK_OFFSET 0x00000FFF
@@ -20,4 +22,7 @@ Memory* initMemory(uint32_t size);
void freeMemory(Memory* m);
uint16_t memoryLoadWord(Memory* m, uint32_t address);
void memorySaveWord(Memory* m, uint32_t address, uint16_t value);
Instruction decodeInstruction(Memory* m, uint32_t* pc);
Instruction decodeInstruction(Memory* m, uint32_t* pc);
uint32_t getAddress(uint16_t low, uint16_t high);
uint32_t memorySerializeInst(Memory* m, Instruction inst, uint32_t offset);
void memoryLoadProgram(Memory* m, Instruction program[], size_t numInstructions);