1029 lines
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1029 lines
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<main>
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<h1 id="introduction"><a class="header" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h1>
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<p>Welcome to the Solstice docs! For now, the documentation is in the format of a specification, which instructs you on how Solstice should behave. In future, a tutorial (similar to the Rust book) will be written which shows you each part of the language, instead of declaring it like the spec.</p>
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<p>Docs generated by mdBook.</p>
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<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
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<h1 id="reserved-words"><a class="header" href="#reserved-words">Reserved Words</a></h1>
|
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<p>This is a list of all reserved words in Solstice, seperated by new lines. These words may not be used as identifiers.</p>
|
||
<p>After <code>//</code>, notes may be provided which detail exceptions to the reserved word, however, the word should still be treated as reserved regardless.</p>
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||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">puts
|
||
if
|
||
while
|
||
def
|
||
lambda
|
||
return
|
||
use
|
||
struct
|
||
enum
|
||
constructor
|
||
destructor
|
||
duplicator
|
||
private
|
||
protected
|
||
ground // Only when targeting GroundVM
|
||
new
|
||
as
|
||
sizeof
|
||
pragma
|
||
</code></pre>
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||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
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||
<h1 id="comments"><a class="header" href="#comments">Comments</a></h1>
|
||
<p>Comments in Solstice can be done in 3 ways:</p>
|
||
<h2 id="-single-line-comment"><a class="header" href="#-single-line-comment"><code>//</code> (Single-Line Comment)</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Use <code>//</code> to tell Solstice to ignore text until the end of the line.</p>
|
||
<p>This kind of comment should be used inside code to explain how parts of code work.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="--multiline-comment"><a class="header" href="#--multiline-comment"><code>/* */</code> (Multiline Comment)</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Use <code>/*</code> and <code>*/</code> to tell Solstice to ignore text in between the two markers.</p>
|
||
<p>This kind of comment should be used for explainations of how functions and structs work, placed above the definition.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="-shebang-comment"><a class="header" href="#-shebang-comment"><code>#</code> (Shebang Comment)</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Use <code>#</code> to tell Solstice to ignore text until the end of the line.</p>
|
||
<p>This kind of comment should be used in a shebang (writing <code>#!/usr/bin/env solstice</code> at the top of your entry point source file), not in the middle.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="example"><a class="header" href="#example">Example</a></h2>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">#!/usr/bin/env solstice
|
||
|
||
/*
|
||
This function does something.
|
||
Input:
|
||
funnyNumber: A funny number
|
||
Returns: Another funny number
|
||
*/
|
||
def doSomething(int funnyNumber) int {
|
||
// Tell the user the number is funny
|
||
puts "The number" funnyNumber "is very funny"
|
||
|
||
// Now give them another funny number
|
||
return 532
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="expressions"><a class="header" href="#expressions">Expressions</a></h1>
|
||
<p>An expression in Solstice is a combination of operators and values (whether literal or stored in a variable).;</p>
|
||
<h2 id="expression-types"><a class="header" href="#expression-types">Expression Types</a></h2>
|
||
<p>“Precedence” is a number which dictates the order of execution. The higher the precedence, the sooner an expression will be evaluated.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="binary-mathematical"><a class="header" href="#binary-mathematical">Binary Mathematical</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>+</code>: Adds two numbers on either side, or concatenates two strings
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Two integers either side</li>
|
||
<li>Two doubles either side</li>
|
||
<li>Two strings either side</li>
|
||
<li>An integer and a double on either side (order not significant)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The sum of both values as an integer if both values are integers</li>
|
||
<li>The sum of both values as a double if one value is a double and the other is an int, or both values are doubles</li>
|
||
<li>The concatenated string when both values are strings</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 5</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>-</code>: Subtracts two numbers on either side
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Two integers either side</li>
|
||
<li>Two doubles either side</li>
|
||
<li>An integer and a double on either side (order not significant)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The difference of both values as an integer if both values are integers</li>
|
||
<li>The difference of both values as a double if one value is a double and the other is an int, or both values are doubles</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 5</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>*</code>: Multiplies two numbers on either side
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Two integers either side</li>
|
||
<li>Two doubles either side</li>
|
||
<li>An integer and a double on either side (order not significant)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The product of both values as an integer if both values are integers</li>
|
||
<li>The product of both values as a double if one value is a double and the other is an int, or both values are doubles</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 6</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>/</code>: Divides two numbers on either side
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Two integers either side
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Two doubles either side
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>An integer and a double on either side (order not significant)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The quotient of both values as an integer if both values are integers</li>
|
||
<li>The quotient of both values as a double if one value is a double and the other is an int, or both values are doubles</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 6</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="binary-comparative"><a class="header" href="#binary-comparative">Binary Comparative</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>==</code>: Checks two values to determine if they are equal
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any two values either side which are of the same type</li>
|
||
<li>An integer and a double on either side (order not significant)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>true</code> if both provided values are exactly the same. </li>
|
||
<li><code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 2</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>!=</code>: Checks two values to determine if they are not equal
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any two values either side which are of the same type</li>
|
||
<li>An integer and a double on either side (order not significant)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>true</code> if both provided values are not exactly the same. </li>
|
||
<li><code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 2</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>></code>: Checks two numbers to determine which is greater
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any two numbers (int or double) either side</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>true</code> if the number provided on the left is greater than the number provided on the right.</li>
|
||
<li><code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 2</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code><</code>: Checks two numbers to determine which is lesser
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any two numbers (int or double) either side</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>true</code> if the number provided on the left is lesser than the number provided on the right.</li>
|
||
<li><code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 2</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>>=</code>: Checks two numbers to determine which is greater, or whether both are equal
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any two numbers (int or double) either side</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>true</code> if the number provided on the left is greater than the number provided on the right, or if both numbers are equal.</li>
|
||
<li><code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 2</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code><=</code>: Checks two numbers to determine which is lesser, or whether both are equal
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any two numbers (int or double) either side</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>true</code> if the number provided on the left is lesser than the number provided on the right, or if both numbers are equal.</li>
|
||
<li><code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 2</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="binary-misc"><a class="header" href="#binary-misc">Binary Misc</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>as</code>: Converts between types.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any object on the left, and a type which has an applicable conversion defined by the object on the right</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The object turned into the type on the right, in the way defined by the as-method</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>.</code>: Accesses object fields
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>An object on the left, and an identifier on the right which corresponds to a field or method in the object</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The object field or method the identifier corresponds to</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="brackets"><a class="header" href="#brackets">Brackets</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>(...)</code>: Evaluates an expression inside the brackets before outside expressions.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Any expression inside the brackets (in place of <code>...</code>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The result of the expression in the brackets</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Precedence: 7</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="function-call"><a class="header" href="#function-call">Function Call</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>(...)</code>: Calls the specified function.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>An identifier for the function before the brackets, then comma-seperated expressions corresponding to the function type signature (see <a href="#fun">Types -> Combined Types -> fun</a>) inside the brackets (in place of <code>...</code>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The function’s return type as specified by the function type signature (see <a href="#fun">Types -> Combined Types -> fun</a>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="unary-misc"><a class="header" href="#unary-misc">Unary Misc</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>new</code>: Creates a new object from a template.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>A template after the <code>new</code> keyword.</li>
|
||
<li>A core type identifier</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>An object based on the provided template, if provided with a template.</li>
|
||
<li>The empty version of the core type, if provided with a core type, which is:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>int</code>: <code>0</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>double</code>: <code>0.0</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>string</code>: <code>""</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>char</code>: <code>'\0'</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>bool</code>: <code>false</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>sizeof</code>: Gets the size of something.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Accepts:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>A string</li>
|
||
<li>An object with an <code>int size</code> field</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Returns:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The string length if provided a string</li>
|
||
<li>The <code>int size</code> field of the object if provided an object</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="types"><a class="header" href="#types">Types</a></h1>
|
||
<p>Solstice is statically typed, meaning all values must have a known type before any code can be executed.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="core-types"><a class="header" href="#core-types">Core Types</a></h2>
|
||
<p>These core types are automatically avaliable in Solstice. The words to identify them are reserved and cannot be reassigned.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="int"><a class="header" href="#int"><code>int</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>8-byte signed integer, equivalent to C <code>int64_t</code> or Ground <code>-int</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Examples: <code>32</code>, <code>121</code>, <code>-5</code></p>
|
||
<h3 id="double"><a class="header" href="#double"><code>double</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>8-byte double prescision floating point number, equivalent to C <code>double</code> or Ground <code>-double</code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Examples: <code>3.14</code>, <code>-2.7</code></p>
|
||
<h3 id="string"><a class="header" href="#string"><code>string</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>C-style null-terminated array of characters. Equivalent to C <code>char*</code> or Ground <code>-string</code>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="char"><a class="header" href="#char"><code>char</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>1-byte signed integer, usually used to store a character, however can also be used to store bytes. Equivalent to C <code>char</code> or Ground <code>-char</code>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="bool"><a class="header" href="#bool"><code>bool</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>1-byte unsigned integer, either 1 or 0. Represented by the reserved words <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>. Equivalent to C <code>char</code> (no stdbool.h) or <code>bool</code> (with stdbool.h) or Ground <code>-bool</code>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="combined-types"><a class="header" href="#combined-types">Combined Types</a></h2>
|
||
<p>These types utilise core types to create new combinations. They take type arguments.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="fun"><a class="header" href="#fun"><code>fun</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>Represents a function. Equivalent to Ground <code>-function</code>, or a C function pointer.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">fun(...) type
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>type</code> is a type identifier, which will be the return type</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is multiple type identifiers, seperated by commas, which are the argument types</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>Example</strong>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">fun(int, string) bool
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This represents a function which takes an <code>int</code> and <code>string</code> as arguments, and returns a <code>bool</code>.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="template"><a class="header" href="#template"><code>template</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>Represents an uninitialized object. Equivalent to Ground <code>-struct</code>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">template(...)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where <code>...</code> is multiple pairs of:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>a type identifier for the field, and</li>
|
||
<li>an identifier (representing the field name)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>seperated by commas.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Example</strong>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">template(int x, string y)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This represents a template which, when initialized, has fields x (with integer) and y (with string).</p>
|
||
<h3 id="object"><a class="header" href="#object"><code>object</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>Represents an initialized object.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">object(...)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where <code>...</code> is multiple pairs of:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>a type identifier for the field, and</li>
|
||
<li>an identifier (representing the field name)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>seperated by commas.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Example</strong>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">object(int x, string y)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This represents a object which has fields x (with integer) and y (with string).</p>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="variables"><a class="header" href="#variables">Variables</a></h1>
|
||
<p>Variables are defined and modified with the syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">name = value
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>name</code> is an identifier, and</li>
|
||
<li><code>value</code> is a literal, expression, or identifier previously assigned to a variable.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>All variables must have a known type and value at definition time. When updating a variable, the type may not change.</p>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="scoping-and-lifetimes"><a class="header" href="#scoping-and-lifetimes">Scoping and Lifetimes</a></h1>
|
||
<h2 id="subscoping"><a class="header" href="#subscoping">Subscoping</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A “subscope” is a scope contained inside a function, created inside curly braces (<code>{}</code>).</p>
|
||
<p>Subscopes can view and modify variables avaliable in their parent scope.</p>
|
||
<p>Subscopes may also create their own variables, however these will be destroyed when the subscope ends.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="function-scoping"><a class="header" href="#function-scoping">Function Scoping</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A function scope is a scope created inside a function.</p>
|
||
<p>Function scopes are created from a function’s attached closure, which is a snapshot of all variables at the time of function definition.</p>
|
||
<p>The function’s attached closure cannot be modified.</p>
|
||
<p>Function scopes also contain all arguments provided to a function.</p>
|
||
<p>When the function finishes running (with a <code>return</code>), all variables are destroyed.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="destructors"><a class="header" href="#destructors">Destructors</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Objects (see <a href="#struct-definition">here</a>) can contain a destructor which specifies custom behaviour for destroying itself. This is useful for:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Freeing heap-allocated memory</li>
|
||
<li>Closing a connection</li>
|
||
<li>Closing a file</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The destructor will always be in the field <code>destructor</code> with type signature <code>fun() int</code>. It should be automatically called when the variable goes out of scope.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="duplicators"><a class="header" href="#duplicators">Duplicators</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Objects (see <a href="#struct-definition">here</a>) can contain a duplicator which specifies custom behaviour for copying itself. This is useful for:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Duplicating heap-allocated memory</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The duplicator will always be in the field <code>duplicator</code> with type signature <code>fun((self) old) (self)</code>. It should be automatically called when the variable is:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Copied into a new variable</li>
|
||
<li>Put inside a closure</li>
|
||
<li>Passed to a function</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="operators"><a class="header" href="#operators">Operators</a></h1>
|
||
<p>Operators are bits of code intended to control how the program runs.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="puts"><a class="header" href="#puts"><code>puts</code></a></h2>
|
||
<p>Stands for “put something”. Prints debug info to the console, followed by a new line.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="formatting"><a class="header" href="#formatting">Formatting</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>int: The literal number, as formatted by C <code>printf("%" PRId64)</code>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>double: The literal number, as formatted by C <code>printf("%f")</code>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>string: All characters in the string, as formatted by C <code>printf("%s")</code>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>char: The ASCII character corresponding to the number held, as formatted by C <code>printf("%c")</code>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>bool: If <code>true</code> or <code>1</code>, print <code>true</code>. Otherwise, print <code>false</code>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>fun: Print <code><function></code>.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>template: Print <code><struct fields: { ... }></code>, where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is a comma-seperated sequence of <code>key: value</code>, where:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>key</code> is the identifier of the field.</li>
|
||
<li><code>value</code> is the properly formatted value in the field.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>object: Print <code><object fields: { ... }></code>, where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is a comma-seperated sequence of <code>key: value</code>, where:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>key</code> is the identifier of the field.</li>
|
||
<li><code>value</code> is the properly formatted value in the field.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="if"><a class="header" href="#if"><code>if</code></a></h2>
|
||
<p>Runs a block of code only if the provided condition is true.</p>
|
||
<p>Syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">if condition {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>condition</code> is an expression which evaluates to a boolean.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>If this expression evaluates to <code>true</code>, the code block will be run.</li>
|
||
<li>Brackets surrounding the condition are optional.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the code to run if the condition is true.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">if 2 + 2 == 4 {
|
||
puts "phew!"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="while"><a class="header" href="#while"><code>while</code></a></h2>
|
||
<p>Runs a block of code until the provided condition is false.</p>
|
||
<p>Syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">while condition {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>condition</code> is an expression which evaluates to a boolean.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>If this expression evaluates to <code>false</code>, the code block will not be run anymore.</li>
|
||
<li>Brackets surrounding the condition are optional.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the code to run while the condition is true.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">while true {
|
||
puts "To infinity and beyond!"
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="return"><a class="header" href="#return"><code>return</code></a></h2>
|
||
<p>Returns a value from a function.</p>
|
||
<p>Syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">return value
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where <code>value</code> is a value with the same type as the function’s return type.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="ground"><a class="header" href="#ground"><code>ground</code></a></h2>
|
||
<p><strong>Inline Ground is potentially dangerous. Only use if you know what you’re doing!</strong></p>
|
||
<p>Inserts inline Ground code into the generated program.</p>
|
||
<p>Syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">ground {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where <code>...</code> is the Ground code to insert.</p>
|
||
<p>See <a href="https://chookspace.com/ground/ground">here</a> for details about Ground.</p>
|
||
<p>Note: <strong>Solstice cannot keep track of state inside <code>ground</code> blocks!</strong> Ground will allow you to do things without the overhead of the Solstice type checker.</p>
|
||
<p>To extract a value from a Ground block, do something like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">x = 0
|
||
ground {
|
||
set &x 10
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
puts x
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>so the type checker can know what <code>x</code> is.</p>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="function-definition"><a class="header" href="#function-definition">Function Definition</a></h1>
|
||
<h2 id="named-functions"><a class="header" href="#named-functions">Named Functions</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Define a named function with the following syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">def functionName(args) type {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>functionName</code> is the name of the function.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>If <code>functionName</code> is already defined as a function or other value, it will only be overwritten if the type does not change.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>args</code> is multiple comma-seperated pairs of:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>a type identifier for the parameter, and</li>
|
||
<li>an identifier (representing the parameter name)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>type</code> is the type of value which the function will return</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the code inside the function (the function body).
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The function body will have access to previously set variables through a closure. The closure is a copy of all variables in their current state at function definition time.</li>
|
||
<li>The function body will also have access to the parameters defined in <code>args</code>.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">def add(int a, int b) int {
|
||
return a + b
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="anonymouslambda-functions"><a class="header" href="#anonymouslambda-functions">Anonymous/Lambda functions</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Define a lambda function with the following syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">lambda(args) type {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>args</code> is multiple comma-seperated pairs of:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>a type identifier for the parameter, and</li>
|
||
<li>an identifier (representing the parameter name)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>type</code> is the type of value which the function will return</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the code inside the function (the function body).
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The function body will have access to previously set variables through a closure. The closure is a copy of all variables in their current state at function definition time.</li>
|
||
<li>The function body will also have access to the parameters defined in <code>args</code>.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">add = lambda(int a, int b) int {
|
||
return a + b
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Lambda functions are most useful when passed as arguments to other functions.</p>
|
||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div>
|
||
<h1 id="struct-definition"><a class="header" href="#struct-definition">Struct Definition</a></h1>
|
||
<p>Define a struct with the <code>struct</code> keyword.</p>
|
||
<p>Syntax:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct StructName {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>StructName</code> is the name of your struct</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the body of your struct</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="struct-body"><a class="header" href="#struct-body">Struct Body</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Inside the struct body, you can:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Define fields</li>
|
||
<li>Define methods</li>
|
||
<li>Define special methods (<code>constructor</code>, <code>destructor</code>, <code>duplicator</code>, <code>as</code>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="defining-fields"><a class="header" href="#defining-fields">Defining fields</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A field in a struct is defined in the same way as a variable.</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
x = 5
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>This creates a field named <code>x</code> with a default value of <code>5</code>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="defining-methods"><a class="header" href="#defining-methods">Defining methods</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A method in a struct is defined in the same way as a named function.</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
def myMethod() int {
|
||
return 0
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Methods have access to the struct’s members through the <code>self</code> object, which is implicitly passed.</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
|
||
x = 10
|
||
|
||
def myMethod() int {
|
||
return self.x * 2
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="private-and-protected-fields"><a class="header" href="#private-and-protected-fields">Private and protected fields</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A private field is a field which only methods inside the object can read and write.</p>
|
||
<p>A protected field is a field which only methods inside the object can write to, however anywhere else in the program the field can be read.</p>
|
||
<p>All other fields are public, meaning anywhere in the program can read or write these fields.</p>
|
||
<p>Methods and special methods are by default protected, however can be made private.</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
private x = 10
|
||
protected y = "Hi"
|
||
|
||
private doSomething() int {
|
||
return 14
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="defining-special-methods"><a class="header" href="#defining-special-methods">Defining special methods</a></h2>
|
||
<p>In Solstice, objects have some special methods which provide ease of use while handling these objects.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="constructor"><a class="header" href="#constructor">Constructor</a></h3>
|
||
<p>A constructor is used to initialize an object with user-provided fields.</p>
|
||
<p>Define a constructor like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
constructor(args) {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>args</code> is multiple comma-seperated pairs of:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>a type identifier for the parameter, and</li>
|
||
<li>an identifier (representing the parameter name)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the constructor body
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The constructor body has access to the <code>self</code> object, which is how it can modify the newly created object.</li>
|
||
<li>The <code>self</code> object is automatically returned at the end of the constructor, however can be returned manually if required.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Use a constructor like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">MyStruct(args)
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>args is many comma-seperated expressions corresponding to the signature of the defined constructor</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="destructor"><a class="header" href="#destructor">Destructor</a></h3>
|
||
<p>A destructor is used to destroy an object once it goes out of scope.</p>
|
||
<p>Define a destructor like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
destructor {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the destructor body
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The destructor body has access to the <code>self</code> object, which is how it can access and modify the object which is being destroyed.</li>
|
||
<li>There is no need to return a value from the destructor.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Note how the destructor does not take any arguments.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="duplicator"><a class="header" href="#duplicator">Duplicator</a></h3>
|
||
<p>A duplicator is used to copy an object when it is assigned to a new name, or passed to a function.</p>
|
||
<p>Define a duplicator like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
duplicator {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the duplicator body
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The destructor body has access to the <code>self</code> and <code>old</code> objects.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The <code>self</code> object is the new duplication and will be automatically returned</li>
|
||
<li>The <code>old</code> object is the old object and will not be copied out</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Note how the duplicator does not take any arguments.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="as-methods"><a class="header" href="#as-methods">As methods</a></h3>
|
||
<p>As methods allow easy conversion between different types.</p>
|
||
<p>Define an as method like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">struct MyStruct {
|
||
as type {
|
||
...
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>type</code> is the type which the object will be converted to</li>
|
||
<li><code>...</code> is the as method body
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The <code>self</code> object is avaliable inside the as method</li>
|
||
<li>You will need to initialize and return a new value with the specified type</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Use an as method like this:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-solstice">myobj as type
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>where:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>myobj</code> is an object with an as method which provides a conversion to <code>type</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>type</code> is the target type</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</main>
|
||
|
||
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
||
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
||
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
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|
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<template id=fa-copy><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M502.6 70.63l-61.25-61.25C435.4 3.371 427.2 0 418.7 0H255.1c-35.35 0-64 28.66-64 64l.0195 256C192 355.4 220.7 384 256 384h192c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64V93.25C512 84.77 508.6 76.63 502.6 70.63zM464 320c0 8.836-7.164 16-16 16H255.1c-8.838 0-16-7.164-16-16L239.1 64.13c0-8.836 7.164-16 16-16h128L384 96c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h47.1V320zM272 448c0 8.836-7.164 16-16 16H63.1c-8.838 0-16-7.164-16-16L47.98 192.1c0-8.836 7.164-16 16-16H160V128H63.99c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64l.0098 256C.002 483.3 28.66 512 64 512h192c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64v-32h-47.1L272 448z"/></svg></span></template>
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<template id=fa-play><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M73 39c-14.8-9.1-33.4-9.4-48.5-.9S0 62.6 0 80V432c0 17.4 9.4 33.4 24.5 41.9s33.7 8.1 48.5-.9L361 297c14.3-8.7 23-24.2 23-41s-8.7-32.2-23-41L73 39z"/></svg></span></template>
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<template id=fa-clock-rotate-left><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M75 75L41 41C25.9 25.9 0 36.6 0 57.9V168c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H134.1c21.4 0 32.1-25.9 17-41l-30.8-30.8C155 85.5 203 64 256 64c106 0 192 86 192 192s-86 192-192 192c-40.8 0-78.6-12.7-109.7-34.4c-14.5-10.1-34.4-6.6-44.6 7.9s-6.6 34.4 7.9 44.6C151.2 495 201.7 512 256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0C185.3 0 121.3 28.7 75 75zm181 53c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24V256c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l72 72c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0s9.4-24.6 0-33.9l-65-65V152c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24z"/></svg></span></template>
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